关于脑膜炎疫苗
Commercial vaccines are widely available against four common types of meningitis (quadrivalent vaccine against types A, C, W-135 and Y). A vaccine against type B has been developed in Cuba. Two kinds of meningococcal vaccine include: 1) Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV) and 2) Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV).
Conjugate vaccines are preferable, because, unlike the polysaccharide vaccines, conjugate vaccines immunize infants, reduce the carriage of meningococci in the throat and thus its transmission, as well as confer a more sustained immune response, and, therefore, longer-term protection than the polysaccharide vaccines. Serogroup B vaccines are based upon meningococcal B protein antigens, because group B polysaccharide is poorly immunogenic in humans and is a potential auto-antigen.
Nimenrix (Meningococcal groups A, C, Y, W-135 polysaccharide tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine) is the brand name for GSK’s new tetravalent conjugate vaccine sold in the EU to protect children, adolescents, and adults against four serogroups of N. meningitidis (A, C, Y, W-135) that cause invasive meningococcal infections. Approved in the EU 2012, Nimenrix is the first tetravalent conjugate vaccine available in Europe for patients between 12 and 23 months of age.
Vaccination against meningococcal disease is required by only one country, Saudi Arabia, for pilgrims visiting Mecca and Medina annually (Hajj) or at any time (Umrah). Travellers visiting African countries located in the so-called sub-Saharan meningitis belt during the dry season (December to June) may wish to consider vaccination to protect them during expected meningitis outbreaks.
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For comprehensive discussion of the available vaccines and their dosage schedules, refer to the following website: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6202a1.htm.
副作用
多达一半的人接种了脑膜炎球菌疫苗后会出现副作用，例如注射部位发红或疼痛。一小部分人发低烧。严重的过敏反应很少发生。
