Russia

Russia的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

There is a risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country. Therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country. Therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

BCG vaccine is recommended for those at increased risk from coming in close contact with infected persons or for unvaccinated, children under 16 years of age, who will live in Russia for more than 3 months.

ick蟲腦炎疫苗

Travellers who plan to visit this country during the summer months and hike or camp in rural or forested areas that provide a habitat for the ticks that carry the virus should consider obtaining this vaccine. This vaccine is only available in Europe.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

日本腦炎疫苗

Japanese encephalitis vaccination is generally recommended only for travellers to Russia who plan on visiting the Far Eastern Maritime areas south of Khabarousk from July to September.

Russia的推薦藥物

目前沒有針對Russia的建議。

Russia要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis B

There is a risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Russia.

Hepatitis A

There is a risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Russia through contaminated food or water. Infection can still occur at tourist destinations and resorts.

對於一些旅行者

Measles

There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in this country through sand fly bites, particularly between dusk to dawn. Adventure tourists, outdoor athletes, or humanitarian aid workers are at a higher risk.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in this country through specific insect, bug or tick bites or by coming in close contact with a person or animal infected with this disease. Travellers involved in activities like hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas are at a higher risk. There are no vaccinations (or medications) to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

Japanese encephalitis

In Russia, outbreaks of Japanese encephalitis occur from July to September in the Far Eastern Maritime area of Khabarovsk. The risk for travellers of contracting Japanese encephalitis is low, but visiting this area and extensive outdoor activity will increase this risk.

Tuberculosis

Travellers to Russia are at risk for tuberculosis, including multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, if visiting friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis

There is a risk of tick-borne encephalitis from Kaliningrad to Wladiwostok below 1,400 meters. The areas mainly affected are the Ural region including the districts of Perm and Sverdlovsk (particularly around the city of Yekaterinburg), the areas of Okhotsk, the Sikhote-Alin mountain range near Vladivostok in the Far Eastern region, the Lake Baikal region and Crimea. The transmission season varies, however, ticks are most active during early spring to late autumn (March to November).

West Nile Fever

Outbreaks of West Nile virus occur in Russia.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Russia中的安全性

人身安全

外國公民面臨被俄羅斯當局任意拘留的風險。俄羅斯法律現在允許當局拘留和起訴從事被認為違反俄羅斯利益活動的個人，即使這些活動發生在國外。錯誤拘留的風險尤其突出。對外國人的監視無所不在。當局負責監控語音、視訊和文字通訊。輕微犯罪在大城市構成持續的風險。扒手和失竊頻傳於莫斯科和聖彼得堡紅場、地鐵站、地下通道和旅遊景點等人密集區域。詐騙分子利用假冒警察要求檢查證件或錢包、無照出租車收取高額費用以及在獨立ATM機上盜刷信用卡等手段針對遊客進行詐騙。一些人報告稱，他們在酒吧和夜總會（尤其是在莫斯科和聖彼得堡）遇到飲料下藥，隨後遭到搶劫或襲擊。針對亞裔或非裔人士的種族暴力事件時有發生。在某些情況下，這些仇恨犯罪甚至造成了致命後果。夜間光線昏暗的地區，街頭犯罪（包括攻擊）增多。烏克蘭戰爭引發的緊張局勢加劇了反西方情緒，可能增加西方公民面臨的風險。

極端暴力

2024 年 3 月，ISIS-Khorasan 組織襲擊莫斯科克羅庫斯市政廳，造成 149 人死亡，600 多人受傷。這是自 2004 年別斯蘭學校人質事件以來俄羅斯最致命的恐怖攻擊。 2024 年 6 月，武裝攻擊者在達吉斯坦的猶太教堂、基督教堂和警察設施造成至少 20 人死亡。恐怖分子仍然活躍在北高加索地區，尤其是在達吉斯坦和車臣。攻擊的目標是宗教場所、公共場所和安全部隊。針對恐怖分子集團的安全行動定期進行，通常事先沒有通知，導致旅行限制。針對公共場所的炸彈威脅很常見。在烏克蘭邊境附近以及莫斯科、聖彼得堡和喀山等主要城市發生了無人機襲擊和爆炸事件。這些事件源自於與烏克蘭持續的軍事衝突，這場衝突破壞了俄羅斯西南部的安全局勢。俄羅斯當局已宣佈在布良斯克、庫爾斯克和別爾哥羅德等邊境地區實施戒嚴和緊急行動。北高加索地區恐怖主義、綁架勒索、暗殺事件頻傳，當地犯罪集團綁架外國人，包括西方國家公民。

政治動盪

公眾抗議活動受到嚴重限制。自烏克蘭入侵以來，已有超過 2 萬人因反戰立場而遭到報復。 2022 年記錄的示威活動超過 1,300 場，但由於當局加大鎮壓力度，2023 年降至 400 場左右。鑑於嚴重的法律後果，大多數抗議活動現在都以單人示威的形式發生。當局利用仍然有效的 COVID-19 限制措施來拒絕發放集會許可、驅散集會並起訴參與者。法律禁止詆毀武裝部隊或傳播當局認為的有關軍事行動的虛假資訊。根據這些法律，詆毀指控的定罪最高可判處 7 年監禁，傳播涉嫌虛假資訊的定罪最高可判處 15 年監禁。至少有 913 人因反戰言論或行動面臨刑事起訴。當局逮捕並拘留了數百名聚集在一起悼念在拘留期間去世的反對派領導人阿列克謝·納瓦尼的人。安全部隊保持嚴密監視，並迅速拘留任何試圖組織或參與未經授權集會的人。在社群媒體上發文或支持被視為反俄團體的外國人將面臨訊問、拘留或逮捕。 2024年巴什科爾托斯坦抗議活動罕見地展現了公眾的異議，在一名環保人士被判刑後，至少1000名抗議者聚集在一起。當局對抗議者動用了防暴警察、催淚瓦斯和警棍。

應避免的區域

完全避開北高加索地區，包括車臣、達吉斯坦、印古什、北奧塞梯、斯塔夫羅波爾邊疆區、卡拉恰伊-切爾克斯共和國和卡巴爾達-巴爾卡爾共和國。該地區恐怖主義、綁架和內亂頻繁。車臣地方當局對西方遊客尤其敵視。美國政府僱員被禁止前往該地區。請勿前往或靠近烏克蘭邊境。布良斯克、庫爾斯克、別爾哥羅德、沃羅涅日、羅斯托夫和克拉斯諾達爾地區面臨軍事活動、無人機攻擊和爆炸。俄羅斯當局已宣佈在這些地區實施戒嚴和反恐行動。安全措施如有更改，恕不另行通知。避開克里米亞及其吞併的頓內茨克、盧甘斯克、赫爾松和札波羅熱等地區。密集的軍事存在和激烈的戰鬥使這些地區極其危險。這些地區的俄羅斯當局虐待外國人和當地人，尤其是那些被視為反對俄羅斯當局的人。請勿嘗試攀登厄爾布魯士山。前往這座山峰需要穿越北高加索地區動盪的地區。由於地區衝突，與格魯吉亞的邊境地區局勢依然緊張。旅行限制和軍事行動毫無預警地發生。與亞塞拜然和喬治亞的邊境口岸經常關閉，有時甚至關閉時間過長。