Haiti
關於Haiti
| 貨幣 | The Gourde (HTG) |
| 語言 | French and Haitian Creole |
| 資本金 | Port-au-Prince |
The Republic of Haiti occupies the western third of the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic to the east. The country is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The population of Haiti is about 9.8 million people.
The island was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492. In 1697, the western third of the island came under French control and became known as Haiti. Slave importation increased very rapidly, enabling Haiti to became one of the wealthiest Caribbean islands. In 1791 Toussaint L’Ouverture led a revolution by the slaves against the French, and by 1804, Haiti had achieved independence from France and freedom from slavery.
Through the years, Haiti has experienced political violence, instability, various dictatorships, human rights violations, and repressive, corrupt governments. In 2006, Haiti finally achieved a democratic government, with an elected president and parliament. The president is chief of state, and a prime minister is head of government.
Haiti is often described as the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, with a weak economy, high rate of unemployment, and environmental degradation. The country still struggles with the effects of recent disasters. In January 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti, leaving Port-au-Prince and most of the country devastated. About 250,000 people were killed, and about a million people left homeless. A cholera epidemic introduced after the earthquake killed an additional 7,000 people, and a 2012 hurricane left even more devastation.
Haiti的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
乙肝疫苗
Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended.
甲型肝炎疫苗
Hepatitis A vaccination is highly recommended.
對於一些旅行者
霍亂疫苗
The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the vaccination for children and adults who are travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that Cholera is rare in traveller and that safe food and water practices can prevent cholera infections.
黃熱病疫苗
There is no risk of yellow fever transmission in this country. However, this country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate for travellers over one year of age arriving from countries/territories at risk for yellow fever transmission.
傷寒疫苗
Unvaccinated travellers are at risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities, rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
Haiti的推薦藥物
對於一些旅行者
抗瘧藥
Recommended anti-malaria medications include atovaquone-proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, or mefloquine.
Haiti要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Dengue Fever
There is a risk of dengue fever exposure in Haiti.
Chikungunya Fever
Chikungunya fever has occurred in this country.
Hepatitis B
There is a high risk of exposure to hepatitis B in Haiti.
Hepatitis A
There is a high risk of exposure to hepatitis A in Haiti.
Cholera
There is a very high risk of exposure to cholera in Haiti where there have been serious epidemics of this disease.
對於一些旅行者
Malaria
All areas of Haiti are at risk for exposure to malaria.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis occurs in this country. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the healthcare field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.
Typhoid Fever
There is a high risk of typhoid fever in Haiti, especially if staying with friends or relatives or visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where exposure might occur through contaminated food or water.
Rabies
There is a significant risk of exposure to rabies in Haiti through contact with stray animals and in any activities that might involve direct contact with bats, carnivores, and other mammals.
Zika Fever
There is transmission of the Zika virus in this country.
Yellow Fever
There is no risk of yellow fever transmission in this country. However, this country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate for travellers over one year of age arriving from countries/territories at risk for yellow fever transmission.
Haiti中的安全性
人身安全
幫派暴力在全國範圍內失控。 2024年，超過5,600人遇害，較前一年大幅增加。武裝團體控制著太子港大部分地區，並將其勢力擴展到阿蒂博尼特地區和其他省份。綁架事件普遍存在，且不分皂白。無論是有預謀的綁架還是伺機而動的綁架，每天都會發生，目標都是當地人和外國人，包括兒童、援助人員和傳教士。贖金通常高達數萬至數十萬美元。攻擊者經常使用路障和簡易障礙物攔截車輛，用槍威脅受害者從車內拖出來。大眾運輸工具使用者面臨大規模綁架。武裝搶劫、劫車和性侵犯屢見不鮮，尤其是在國際機場附近和主要幹道沿線。幫派與安全部隊衝突中射出的流彈持續構成威脅，甚至對家中的旁觀者也構成威脅。由於警方無力維持秩序，一些治安團體應運而生，對幫派嫌疑人處以私刑的事件時有發生。警力資源匱乏，反應速度不穩定。外國人被視為富人目標，從機場或銀行開始就遭到跟蹤。自2024年3月起，緊急狀態生效，但暴力事件仍有增無減。
極端暴力
武裝集團幾乎肆無忌憚地實施極端暴力。 2024年12月，太陽城發生大屠殺，至少207人喪生，其中許多是被指控使用巫術的老人。團夥成員肢解焚燒屍體以銷毀證據。團體利用集體強姦、性殘害和強迫招募來鞏固地盤並懲罰社區。針對婦女和女孩的暴力是蓄意的、系統性的、普遍的。聯合國機構報告稱，2023年至2024年間，針對兒童的性暴力增加了1,000%。全國約有300個犯罪集團活動，其中許多集團攜帶從國外走私的大威力武器。團夥控制醫院、學校、港口和道路等重要基礎設施，攻擊醫護人員和人道工作者。一些團夥已被指定為恐怖組織。超過一百萬人因暴力事件在國內流離失所。幫派衝突、警方行動以及私刑暴力每月造成數百名平民傷亡，其中許多人死於流彈。居民區槍戰頻傳。
政治動盪
政局依然極不穩定。自2023年1月以來，沒有一位全國民選官員上任，議會自2019年以來一直處於停滯狀態。總統若弗內爾·莫伊茲於2021年7月遇刺後，代理總理阿里爾·亨利於2024年初因幫派暴力升級而辭職。過渡總統委員會於2024年4月成立，為計劃於2026年2月舉行的選舉做準備，但內部爭議和腐敗醜聞導致政府陷入癱瘓。幫派聯盟，尤其是維夫·安桑姆，於2024年初發動了協同襲擊，導致首都陷入癱瘓。幫派頭目透過宣傳、威脅和宣布組成政黨來施加政治影響力。抗議和示威活動頻繁且難以預測。它們經常演變成暴力事件，並可能導致路障、燃料短缺以及學校和企業關閉。司法系統運作失靈。兩年多來，法院一直被犯罪集團控制，司法官員面臨死亡威脅。 2023年10月至2024年10月期間，全國僅241人接受刑事審判。多國安全支援團於2024年6月隨肯亞部隊部署，但該特派團資金不足，人員不足，實際部署人員不足1,000人，而最初的目標是2,500人。
應避免的區域
太子港及其都會區是最危險的區域。幫派控制首都約80%到85%的地區，包括貝萊爾、家樂福、太陽城、馬蒂桑、德爾馬斯、十字區、塔巴爾以及機場週邊地區。佩蒂翁維爾以外的中產階級和富裕地區經常發生入室搶劫案。阿蒂博尼特省的幫派暴力事件急劇增加，蓬鬆德和米爾巴萊等城鎮發生了屠殺，導致大量人員流離失所。中部省也受到越來越大的影響。連接太子港和其他城市的主要公路都由幫派控制，他們設立檢查站並敲詐旅客。太子港和海地角之間的道路極為危險。與多明尼加共和國接壤的邊境地區局勢動盪，並受到幫派控制。海地和多明尼加共和國之間的陸海空邊界仍然對旅客關閉。西部省、阿蒂博尼特省和中部省全部進入緊急狀態。即使是先前被認為較安全的地區，例如北部的海地角，犯罪率也出現上升，儘管這些地區的危險程度仍然低於首都。
