Ethiopia

Ethiopia的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.

脊髓灰質炎疫苗

Travellers who intend to visit this country for 4 weeks or more are recommended to take a polio vaccination at least 4 weeks to 12 months prior to arrival in the country. Unvaccinated travellers may have to take the vaccine upon arrival at the entry ports. Childhood vaccinations, including polio, should be up-to-date prior to travel.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

腦膜炎疫苗

Because this country is located in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt, vaccination against meningitis is recommended if travelling during the dry season (December to June).

黃熱病疫苗

A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers over 9 months of age arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited more than 12 hours through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission. The yellow fever vaccination is recommended for all travellers aged 9 months or over, except for travellers whose itineraries are limited to the Afar and Somali provinces.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission, and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.

Ethiopia的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Anti-malarial medication is recommended for all travellers going to any area of Ethiopia, except for the city of Addis Ababa. Recommended medication includes atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, or mefloquine. Anti-malaria drug resistance for chloroquine is present.

Ethiopia要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Ethiopia.

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Ethiopia through contaminated food or water.

Dengue Fever

Outbreaks of dengue fever may occur.

Cholera

Cholera outbreaks may occur in Ethiopia. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.

Chikungunya Fever

Outbreaks of chikungunya fever may occur.

對於一些旅行者

Measles

There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.

Malaria

All areas of Ethiopia below 2,000 metres are at moderate risk for malaria, except Addis Ababa where there is no risk.

West Nile Fever

The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Sporadic outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) may occur in this country. Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in this country through sand fly bites, particularly between dusk to dawn. Adventure tourists, outdoor athletes, or humanitarian aid workers are at a higher risk.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in this country through specific insect, bug or tick bites or by coming in close contact with a person or animal infected with this disease. Travellers involved in activities like hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas are at a higher risk. There are no vaccinations (or medications) to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

Polio

Vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1, type 2 and wild poliovirus type 1 were detected in this country, with the potential risk of global circulation. Unvaccinated or under-vaccinated travellers are at a higher risk if they come in direct contact with an infected person or through contaminated food and water, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas with poor hygiene standards.

Zika Fever

There is a risk of Zika virus in Ethiopia. The mosquitoes that transmit the Zika virus are unlikely to be found above 2,000 meters altitude.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in Ethiopia. Travellers to Ethiopia are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Schistosomiasis

This disease is present in this country and is acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

Meningitis

Meningitis outbreaks may occur in Ethiopia. Travellers who visit during the dry season (December to June) or expect to have prolonged contact with the local population are especially at risk.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Ethiopia, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 2)

African Trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness") may occur in Ethiopia. Recently, the absence of any reports of this disease suggest that the risk to travellers is very low. Urban areas are not at risk.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease may occur in the country.

Yellow Fever

There is a low risk of yellow fever transmission in some areas of the country. A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers over 9 months of age arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited more than 12 hours through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission. The yellow fever vaccination is recommended for all travellers aged 9 months or over, except for travellers whose itineraries are limited to the Afar and Somali provinces.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Ethiopia中的安全性

人身安全

埃塞俄比亞各地的搶劫和暴力盜竊案件日益增加。據報道，亞的斯亞貝巴發生了持刀搶劫和勒頸致人昏迷的襲擊事件，尤其是在梅斯克爾廣場、梅爾卡托市場以及凱悅酒店、希爾頓酒店和喜來登酒店等繁華地段。扒竊在首都十分常見，外國人往往成為目標。在紅綠燈處從車輛上搶走包包和珠寶的情況屢見不鮮。天黑後，暴力攻擊事件更為頻繁。任意拘留外國人的情況時有發生，尤其是在重大活動期間或安全敏感地點。埃塞俄比亞當局拘留外國人時並非一定會通知大使館。您面臨種族定性的風險。有組織犯罪集團、少數民族民兵和政府安全部隊之間的對抗造成了危險的局勢。該國大部分地區的安全環境仍然動盪不安，暴力事件時有發生，且沒有任何預警。綁架事件在奧羅米亞州、阿姆哈拉州和索馬利亞州以及肯亞邊境附近十分普遍。路邊襲擊、武裝搶劫和劫車事件時有發生。人道工作者和外國人是綁架的潛在目標。有組織的犯罪集團在主要道路上活動，綁架了包括學生在內的公車乘客。您獲得警方援助的可能性有限，尤其是在亞的斯亞貝巴以外的地方。緊急應變時間緩慢，警察可能缺乏英語流利程度。在農村地區，可能根本得不到幫助。

極端暴力

青年黨對衣索比亞全國構成威脅，特別是索馬利亞邊境一帶。該組織於 2022 年襲擊了埃塞俄比亞邊境城鎮，並表示有意發動進一步襲擊。恐怖分子很可能試圖在衣索比亞發動攻擊。潛在目標包括飯店、市場、禮拜場所、政府大樓、交通樞紐和飛機。攻擊可能隨時發生，包括宗教活動、公共假期或慶典期間。政府軍與地區民兵之間的武裝衝突經常造成平民死亡。自 2023 年中期以來，埃塞俄比亞國防軍與阿姆哈拉法諾民兵之間的戰鬥導致了平民屠殺，包括處決式殺戮。 2024 年 1 月的梅拉維大屠殺造成數十名平民被政府軍殺害。據報道，2025 年 4 月，在格德布鎮，一次無人機襲擊造成 100 人死亡。 2024 年 9 月至 12 月期間，阿姆哈拉至少有 115 名平民死亡。種族暴力普遍存在。奧羅莫解放軍（Oromo Liberation Army）襲擊了奧羅米亞州的阿姆哈拉族人，而阿姆哈拉民兵則襲擊奧羅莫族人。地區邊界地區民族衝突頻繁。數千名平民死於種族衝突。 2022年，奧羅米亞州的大屠殺造成數百名阿姆哈拉人喪生。報告記錄了各武裝團體和政府軍所犯下的戰爭罪、危害人類罪和種族清洗。 2020年至2022年的提格雷戰爭估計造成16.2萬至60萬人死亡。強姦和性暴力被系統性地用作戰爭手段。地雷給邊境地區帶來風險，尤其是在厄立特里亞、索馬利亞和南蘇丹附近。

政治動盪

自 2023 年春季以來，法諾民兵組織與政府軍之間的武裝衝突一直影響著阿姆哈拉地區。衝突發生在城市中心和農村地區，暴力事件迅速升級。貢德爾、巴希爾達爾和拉利貝拉已成為激烈交火的地點。 2023 年 8 月宣布進入緊急狀態。奧羅莫解放軍和衣索比亞國防軍在奧羅米亞州的暴力衝突持續不斷，特別是在與阿姆哈拉州接壤的地區。戰鬥發生在西沃勒加、東沃勒加、霍羅古杜魯沃勒加、北舍瓦和其他地區。儘管 2024 年 12 月與 OLA 的一個派系達成了和平協議，但政府軍仍在繼續行動。抗議活動可能演變成暴力事件。安全部隊使用實彈對付抗議水資源短缺、宗教糾紛和政府政策的示威者。 2023 年 2 月，安全部隊在沃爾基特殺死了至少三名抗議者。 2023年6月，在亞的斯亞貝巴，抗議拆除清真寺的抗議活動中，至少有三人被武裝人員殺害。民間騷亂可能在毫無預兆的情況下爆發。抗議和罷工可能導致道路暫時封閉以及網路和行動網路中斷。此前，政府曾在騷亂期間限制社群媒體存取。 2025年3月，提格雷的內部政治衝突加劇。敵對派系奪取了阿迪格拉特和默克萊等關鍵地區的控制權，引發暴力衝突和平民傷亡。 2022年簽署的停火協議尚未完全執行。零星武裝事件仍在持續。貝尼尚古勒-古馬茲、甘貝拉、西達馬和其他地區不時爆發示威活動。地區邊界的種族爭端可能在毫無預兆的情況下演變成暴力衝突。在局勢不穩定時期，可能會發生包括網路關閉在內的通訊中斷。

應避免的區域

阿姆哈拉地區面臨活躍的武裝衝突。所有地區（包括城市）都經歷了法諾民兵與政府軍之間的零星暴力衝突。路障和宵禁很常見。通訊和電力中斷普遍存在。外國政府建議不要前往整個地區。奧羅米亞地區持續發生暴力事件，特別是在西沃勒加、東沃勒加、凱勒姆沃勒加、霍羅古杜魯沃勒加、北謝瓦、西謝瓦、西南謝瓦和東謝瓦地區。示威、武裝衝突和出於種族動機的暴力時有發生。綁架是一個重大威脅。 Ambo、Nekemte 和 Shashemene 等城鎮受到的影響尤其嚴重。亞的斯亞貝巴至甘貝拉的主要道路很危險。提格雷地區仍然脆弱。特克澤河以西以及阿姆哈拉-厄立特里亞邊境10公里以內的地區極為危險。內部政治衝突和領導權爭議導致了暴力事件。提格雷約40%的土地仍被厄立特里亞國防軍和阿姆哈拉武裝部隊佔領。甘貝拉和貝尼尚古勒-古馬茲地區面臨犯罪、綁架、種族暴力和零星武裝衝突。與蘇丹和南蘇丹接壤的邊境地區尤其危險。與索馬利亞接壤的邊境地區面臨恐怖主義、綁架和地雷威脅。青年黨在靠近衣索比亞邊境的索馬利亞境內設有基地。索馬利亞邊境100公里以內的地區風險極大。與肯亞接壤的邊境地區面臨種族衝突和武裝攻擊。與厄立特里亞接壤的邊境地區軍事化嚴重，武裝衝突可能在不經意間爆發。阿法爾的達納基爾窪地也正在經歷種族衝突，尤其是在與索馬利亞接壤的邊境地區。