Svalbard & Jan Mayen
關於Svalbard & Jan Mayen
| 貨幣 | Norwegian krone (NOK) |
| 語言 | Norwegian |
| 資本金 | Longyearbyen |
Svalbard and Jan Mayen are islands located in the Arctic Ocean, north of Norway. Svalbard is an island archipelago composed of 9 main islands, while Jan Mayen is a volcanic island. Many legends and theories exist as to who discovered the islands of Svalbard and Jan Mayen and as to when they were discovered. Svalbard is believed to have been discovered in the 12th century by Norse explorers; and in the 17th and 18th centuries, it was used as a whaling base. Svalbard was also used for coal mining in the 20th century, and a small coal mining industry continues to this day. The first verified discovery of Jan Mayen was in 1614 by Dutch whalers; and from 1615-1638, it was used as a Dutch whaling base. In 1920, Norway was given administration of Svalbard by the United Nations. In 1930, Jan Mayen became part of the Kingdom of Norway.
Although both Svalbard and Jan Mayen belong to the Kingdom of Norway, they are under separate administrative jurisdictions. Svalbard is a non-self governing territory of Norway, administered by the Polar Department of the Norwegian Ministry of Justice. The chief of state is the King of Norway while the head of government is a governor who lives on the island of Spitsbergen. In contrast, Jan Mayen is administered by the governor of the county of Nordland on mainland Norway, the county closest to Jan Mayen.
The population of Svalbard was estimated to be approximately 2,500 people in 2017. The inhabitants are largely of Norwegian descent and are those who live and work on the islands as researchers, miners or meteorologists, primarily. The island of Jan Mayen is uninhabited and only those working at the Norwegian meteorological station, radio communications station or are part of the Norwegian military spend short stays on the island.
Due to their location, both Svalbard and Jan Mayen have arctic climates and ecosystems. Winters are cold, summers are cool and there is a relatively small temperature difference between seasons. The islands also experience high winds. As a result of the islands’ latitudes, in the summer the sun does not set for 4 months and in the winter, the islands experience complete darkness for several months. To protect the delicate and unique arctic ecosystem, there are several national parks on Svalbard and Jan Mayen is designated as a nature reserve. Jan Mayen and Svalbard are important breeding grounds for many species of sea birds.
Today the important industries of Svalbard include coal mining, research and tourism. The tourism industry has developed around giving people the ‘Arctic experience’: the untouched glaciers, the rugged mountains and the sighting of polar bears, among other arctic animals. It has also recently become a docking location for cruise ships.
Svalbard & Jan Mayen的建議疫苗接種
對於一些旅行者
狂犬病疫苗
建議參加可能與狂犬病的狗,蝙蝠和其他哺乳動物直接接觸的戶外活動的旅行者(例如冒險旅行者和探洞者)接種狂犬病疫苗。具有職業風險的人(例如獸醫,野生動植物專業人士,研究人員)以及長期旅行者和外派人員面臨的風險較高,應接種疫苗。
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a low risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, however, the vaccination is recommended.
乙肝疫苗
There is a low risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, however, the vaccination is recommended.
麻疹,腮腺炎,風疹(MMR)疫苗
A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for infants aged 6 to 11 months.
ick蟲腦炎疫苗
Vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis is recommended if travelling in Norway or where contact with ticks might occur (camping, hiking, outdoor activities) during early spring to late autumn.
Svalbard & Jan Mayen的推薦藥物
目前沒有針對Svalbard & Jan Mayen的建議。
Svalbard & Jan Mayen要注意的疾病
對於一些旅行者
Tick-Borne Encephalitis
There is a risk of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in some areas of Norway. The transmission season varies, however, ticks are most active during early spring to late autumn.
Hepatitis B
There is a low risk of exposure to hepatitis B for this country.
Hanta Virus
There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.
Measles
A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for infants aged 6 to 11 months.
Tuberculosis
Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the healthcare field, or having close prolonged contact with an infected person.
Rabies
狂犬病僅在這些島嶼上的野生動物中被報導,因此,大多數旅行者被認為狂犬病風險較低。蝙蝠在該國也可能攜帶狂犬病樣病毒。
Svalbard & Jan Mayen中的安全性
人身安全
斯瓦爾巴群島人口稀少、關係緊密,且地處偏遠,犯罪率極低。暴力犯罪幾乎不存在,輕微犯罪更是聞所未聞。 2023年,斯瓦爾巴群島總督記錄了226起刑事案件,為2001年以來的最高水平,但這一增長主要是由於監管力度加強,而非犯罪率實際增長。報告的大多數違法行為涉及環境違法行為、機場附近的無人機違規行為以及輕微違法行為。人與人之間的傳統犯罪仍然極為罕見。
在斯瓦爾巴群島,您最主要的安全隱患並非犯罪,而是自然環境。北極熊在定居點邊界之外構成了真正的威脅。自1971年以來,已發生六起致命的北極熊攻擊事件。任何離開朗伊爾城指定安全區的人員都必須攜帶槍枝或適當的威懾設備。如果您在沒有攜帶武器和北極熊防護裝備的專業導遊陪同的情況下冒險離開城鎮,您將面臨重傷甚至死亡的風險。群島執行嚴格的規定,要求前往大多數地區旅行必須進行旅行登記。
極端天氣條件是另一個重大風險。快速的天氣變化、雪崩和北極風暴都可能迅速造成危險情況。專業導遊會持續監控天氣模式、雪崩風險、冰況和北極熊威脅。朗伊爾城的醫療設施僅限於一家提供基本醫療服務的小型醫院。嚴重的傷害需要轉運至挪威大陸,但天氣因素可能會延誤行程。您應該購買全面的醫療轉運保險。
極端暴力
斯瓦爾巴群島幾乎沒有經歷過人與人之間的暴力衝突。由於群島地處偏遠、人口稀少且缺乏戰略目標,因此不存在恐怖主義威脅。這些地區從未捲入戰爭或敵對衝突。國際條約的保護和地理隔離使其不適合軍事行動。
真正的極端暴力威脅來自北極熊。這些動物將人類視為潛在的獵物,而非威脅。斯瓦爾巴群島棲息約3000頭北極熊,數量超過2500名人類居民。致命攻擊事件頻繁,自1971年以來已有6人死亡。 2011年,一名17歲的英國學生喪生;2020年,一名荷蘭露營地員工死亡;2022年,一名法國遊客受傷。其他多起攻擊事件也造成人員重傷。
北極熊攻擊事件通常發生在幼年雄熊身上,尤其是3至6歲的熊。這些亞成年熊在歷史上是大多數襲擊人類事件的罪魁禍首,尤其危險。氣候變遷可能會增加人與熊的衝突,因為海冰減少迫使飢餓的熊更靠近定居點。當熊真正處於飢餓狀態時,像信號槍這樣的威懾措施可能會失效,因為飢餓感會壓倒恐懼。
自2012年以來,法律規定在定居點外攜帶槍支。專業導遊始終攜帶適當的武器和威懾設備。因自衛而被射殺的熊會接受調查,但如果遵循適當的程序,起訴的情況很少發生。每年有兩到三隻北極熊因自衛而被射殺,大多數是當地人或研究人員,而不是遊客。任何在城外露營的人都必須使用電圍欄或住在小木屋裡,而不是帳篷裡。
政治動盪
在挪威的主權下,斯瓦爾巴群島保持著極高的政治穩定性。 1920年的《斯瓦爾巴條約》賦予挪威完全主權,同時限制其軍事用途,並要求在經濟活動中不得歧視。斯瓦爾巴群島總督由挪威政府任命,直接受司法和公共安全部管轄,負責管理群島。
斯瓦爾巴群島沒有發生政治動亂、抗議或內亂。該群島位於申根區、北約聯合司令部和歐洲經濟區之外,因此免受歐洲政治緊張局勢的影響。 《斯瓦爾巴條約》賦予該群島非軍事化地位,從而防止了可能引發衝突的軍事活動。
地緣政治緊張局勢主要存在於挪威和俄羅斯之間,主要涉及海域和捕魚權,但這些爭端僅屬外交性質,不會對遊客構成威脅。俄羅斯維持著擁有數百名居民的巴倫支堡定居點,兩國和平共處。總督辦公室與俄羅斯社區保持良好的工作關係。
近年來,挪威更加重視主權執行,加強了海岸防衛隊的部署,並於2022年實施了行動管制。這些措施旨在加強安全,而非應對主動威脅。政治環境強調環境保護,對旅遊、資源開採和土地使用制定了嚴格的監管規定。氣候變遷和環境議題主導著當地的政策討論,而非政治衝突。
應避免的區域
朗伊爾城以外的斯瓦爾巴群島大部分地區,如果沒有專業導遊陪同,則不應前往。主要的限制並非政治因素,而是環境因素。群島約67%的面積受到七個國家公園和23個自然保護區的保護。這些保護區有特定的通行規則、交通限制和季節性禁令。
某些區域在特定期間內完全禁止進入。莫芬自然保護區對海象族群至關重要,從5月15日至9月15日禁止一切通行。多個區域限制進入北極熊巢穴附近,以防止幹擾。哈貝尼希特布克塔、齊格勒島和德利喬亞等地的受保護文化遺址全年禁止登陸和通行。
A區包含特別重要的研究參考區,要求任何訪問至少提前四周通知總督。鳥類保護區和一些保護區會管製或禁止一切交通。自2025年起,新法規將保護區內的乘客人數限制為200人,登陸點限制在43個指定地點,所有保護區內禁止無人機飛行,3月1日後,部分峽灣的海冰上禁止使用雪地摩托車和履帶式車輛。
新奧爾松因其研究設施的地位和極高的北極熊危險性而限制旅遊業。該定居點設有國際研究站,普通遊客面臨嚴重限制。前往10號管理區(斯匹次卑爾根島中部)以外的地區,必須向總督進行行程登記。
揚馬延島實際上已禁止旅遊。這座火山島上只有一個軍事和氣象綜合站,沒有任何遊客設施。進入揚馬延島需要特別許可,交通僅限於軍用飛機或不定期的補給船。大多數遊客從未踏足過揚馬延島。