El Salvador
關於El Salvador
| 貨幣 | US dollar (USD) |
| 語言 | Spanish |
| 資本金 | San Salvador |
The Republic of El Salvador is located in Central America between Guatemala and Honduras. El Salvador has coastline on the North Pacific Ocean and is the only Central American country without coastline on the Caribbean Sea. The population is approximately 6 million people.
The government of El Salvador is a republic. A president is chief of state and head of government and is elected by popular vote.
From about 1980 to 1992, El Salvador experienced a 12-year civil war brought on by the huge inequality between the majority of the people who lived in abject poverty and the small, wealthy class who controlled the economy and the government. About 75,000 lives were lost. In 1992, the government and leftist rebels signed a treaty that brought about political and military reforms. When the country began to recover from over a decade of war, a series of natural disasters left 1200 dead and over a million people homeless. Much of the population still lives in poverty.
El Salvador experiences the ongoing problem of crime and has one of the highest homicide rates in the world. Violent street gangs, maras, are a problem. The economy depends heavily on the money sent home by Salvadoreans living in the US. The government is encouraging the tourism sector which has grown in recent years.
El Salvador的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
對於一些旅行者
黃熱病疫苗
There is no risk of yellow fever transmission. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers over 1 year of age arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission. Travellers transiting for more than 12 hours through an airport in a country/territory at risk for yellow fever transmission would also require a certificate.
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
傷寒疫苗
There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities, rural areas, or staying with friends and family.
El Salvador的推薦藥物
目前沒有針對El Salvador的建議。
El Salvador要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Hepatitis A
There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in El Salvador through contaminated food or water.
Dengue Fever
Dengue fever outbreaks occur regularly in El Salvador.
Hepatitis B
There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in El Salvador.
Chikungunya Fever
Chikungunya fever has occurred in this country.
對於一些旅行者
Leishmaniasis
There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis through sand fly bites in this country.
Zika Fever
There is transmission of the Zika virus in this country.
Typhoid Fever
Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in El Salvador. The risk is higher when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis occurs in this country. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.
Chagas Disease
American trypanosomiasis (“Chagas disease”) occurs in rural El Salvador. The risk of travellers acquiring this disease is very low unless staying in very poor quality housing or camping.
Yellow Fever
There is no risk of yellow fever transmission. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers over 1 year of age arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission. Travellers transiting for more than 12 hours through an airport in a country/territory at risk for yellow fever transmission would also require a certificate.
Rabies
Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.
El Salvador中的安全性
人身安全
2022年至2025年間,薩爾瓦多的安全局勢發生了巨大變化。 2024年,該國記錄了114起兇殺案,而2025年,該國的兇殺率降至每十萬人1.9起,成為西半球最安全的國家。與2015年相比,薩爾瓦多的兇殺率下降了98%,當時薩爾瓦多的兇殺率是全球最高的,每十萬人103起。 2022年3月,薩爾瓦多政府宣布進入緊急狀態,暫停了部分憲法權利,並逮捕了超過8.9萬名幫派嫌疑犯。 MS-13和Barrio 18這兩個幫派組織過去控制著地盤並從事敲詐勒索活動,如今已被嚴厲打擊。雖然暴力犯罪大幅下降,但小偷小摸仍然是最常見的問題。 2023年6月至2024年5月期間,在通報的15,620起重大犯罪中,竊盜佔了近7,000起。扒手多發生在人群密集的場所、公共交通工具和市場。目前,緊急狀態無限期持續,警方擁有無需逮捕令的廣泛逮捕權,仍有多名外國公民未經審判被拘留。數萬人被監禁,人權組織記錄到自2022年以來,國家拘留期間已有350多人死亡。儘管存在這些擔憂,但遊客通常不會成為犯罪目標。與往年相比,您面臨的暴力犯罪風險明顯降低,但在聖薩爾瓦多市中心和欠發達地區仍應保持警惕。
極端暴力
幫派暴力歷來困擾薩爾瓦多,但自2022年以來極端暴力事件大幅減少。該國2024年僅記錄了114起兇殺案,實現了279天無兇殺案發生。 MS-13和Barrio 18幫派曾控制該國262個市鎮中的247個,從事謀殺、強姦、綁架、販賣武器、販賣毒品、搶劫和敲詐勒索等活動。這些幫派劃分地盤,向進出控制區域的人員收取費用。他們強迫企業支付勒索金,並以暴力威脅恐嚇居民,經常謀殺或強姦報案人的親屬。幫派暴力在2022年3月達到高峰,三天內有87人被殺,光是3月26日就有62人被殺。這促使政府採取緊急狀態和大規模監禁策略。掃黑除惡運動被認為是暴力事件大幅減少的原因,但一些分析人士指出,官方的兇殺案數字可能不包括警察殺人、監獄死亡或在萬人坑中發現的屍體。 2000年至2015年間,幫派暴力使薩爾瓦多成為全球暴力事件最嚴重的國家之一。 2015年,兇殺率達到每10萬人103人。到2019年,這一數字已降至每10萬人38人,並在2022年掃黑除惡運動之前持續下降。幾十年來,幫派一直實行地域控制,強迫招募兒童、性侵犯、綁架並造成大規模流離失所。雖然幫派暴力已被嚴厲制止,但仍有超過1%的人口在非常狀態下被監禁,這種做法的長期可持續性繼續引發爭論。即使在暴力事件高發時期,遊客也很少成為攻擊目標,如今遭受極端暴力的風險仍然很低。
政治動盪
政治示威活動偶爾會發生,但通常規模較小。 2023 年和 2025 年的抗議活動吸引了 2,000 至數千人參加,主要關注非常狀態、任意拘留、總統連任擔憂以及要求釋放被監禁的家庭成員。 2025 年 5 月,當局首次動用憲兵鎮壓了 300 多個家庭的抗議活動,標誌著應對策略的升級。示威活動會擾亂交通和公共交通。即使是和平抗議也可能演變成暴力事件,造成人員傷亡。薩爾瓦多憲法禁止外國人從事政治活動,包括參與示威活動。參與政治活動的外國人將面臨拘留或驅逐出境。自 2019 年以來,政府採取了越來越專制的手段,總統布克爾鞏固了行政部門的權力。自 2022 年 3 月開始的非常狀態暫停了憲法權利,包括對迅速和公正審判的保障。執政黨新思想黨在立法議會中佔據主導地位,共獲得 60 個席位中的 54 個。該黨通過法律,將與幫派有關的指控的刑事責任年齡降低至 12 歲,並允許對最多 900 人進行集體審判。言論自由受到限制。記者協會報告稱,2023 年發生了 311 起侵犯新聞自由的事件,包括騷擾和限制取得公共資訊。 2022 年 1 月至 2024 年 8 月期間,五名記者因擔心報復而流亡。當局逮捕了在社群媒體上批評政府的人。政府解散了專注於社會包容的辦公室,並重組了先前處理人權問題的機構。 2025 年 2 月,衛生部從官方資料中刪除了所有涉及性多樣性的內容。您應該避開發生示威活動的地區,並關注當地媒體以獲取最新動態。在該國期間,切勿在社交媒體上評論當地或政治事件。
應避免的區域
傳統高風險地區已顯著改善,但在某些特定區域仍需謹慎。聖薩爾瓦多市中心曾名列全球 50 個最危險城市之一,2015 年位居全球第三。到 2020 年,它完全跌出了榜單。然而,聖薩爾瓦多境內某些街區仍風險較高。首都北部和東部的市鎮,包括阿波帕、德爾加多城、梅希卡諾斯、聖馬丁、伊洛潘戈和索亞潘戈,暴力犯罪率較高,歷史上是幫派活動猖獗之地。與索亞潘戈接壤的聖薩爾瓦多第 5 區和第 6 區被確定為麻煩地區。根據 2025 年的兇殺案數據,最危險的市鎮包括塔庫巴、阿卡胡特拉、烏蘇盧坦、聖米格爾、梅塔潘、安蒂果庫斯卡特蘭、阿蒂基扎亞、希基利斯科、拉利伯塔德和科胡特佩克。然而,這些排名每年都會發生變化,低兇殺率並不一定意味著旅行者完全安全。聖薩爾瓦多境內較安全的地區包括 Santa Elena、San Benito、Maquilishuat、La Gran Via、Escalon、Zona Rosa 和 Multiplaza。由於地方當局的努力,Centro Historico 的安全性有所提高。大型購物中心通常安全性更高。在聖薩爾瓦多以外,在夜間在連接城市的道路上行駛時應格外小心。由於警察巡邏較少,偏遠地區和未鋪砌的道路風險更高。查拉特南戈和莫拉桑區的農村地區有未標記的地雷和內戰遺留的未爆炸彈。公共汽車仍然存在盜竊和偶爾的暴力犯罪的風險,這就是為什麼美國政府僱員被禁止乘坐公共汽車的原因。在大城市以外的地方夜間旅行會受到犯罪活動和危險道路狀況的雙重威脅。受遊客歡迎的沿海地區,包括埃爾通科 (El Tunco) 和花之路 (Ruta de las Flores) 城鎮,如胡阿烏阿 (Juayua)、阿塔科 (Ataco) 和蘇奇托托 (Suchitoto),通常比較安全,遊客也較多。