Sudan

Sudan的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended. Infants 6 to 11 months old should also be vaccinated against the disease.

對於一些旅行者

狂犬病疫苗

Pre-travel vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) and who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Persons with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

脊髓灰質炎疫苗

A single lifetime booster dose of Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) is recommended for adults who received the routine polio vaccination series as children

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

One dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) is recommended to infants 6 to 11 months prior to international travel.

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

A BCG vaccine is recommended for all unvaccinated adults and children under 16 years of age, staying in the country for more than 3 months. A tuberculin skin test is required prior to administering vaccination for all children from 6 years of age.

腦膜炎疫苗

Because this country is located in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt, vaccination against meningitis is recommended if travelling during the dry season (January to April).

黃熱病疫苗

This country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate for travellers 1 year of age and older arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited more than 12 hours through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission. A certificate may be required for travellers departing Sudan. The yellow fever vaccine is recommended for all travellers aged 9 months and older travelling to areas south of the Sahara Desert, but not recommended for travellers whose itineraries are limited to areas in the Sahara Desert and the city of Khartoum.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions.

Sudan的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Recommended anti-malaria medications include atovaquone-proguanil, mefloquine or doxycycline. Resistance to chloroquine is widespread.

Sudan要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Sudan.

Dengue Fever

Outbreaks of dengue fever may occur.

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Sudan through contaminated food or water.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever has occurred in this country.

Cholera

Cholera outbreaks occur in Sudan. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.

對於一些旅行者

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever in Sudan.

African Tick Bite Fever

There is an increased risk of this disease in this country.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring hantavirus in Sudan through contaminated food or by coming into contact with someone infected with the virus

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in the country. The infection is transmitted by the bite of infected phlebotomine sandfly.

Schistosomiasis

The parasite that causes schistosomiasis is found in the country. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

Measles

There is a risk of exposure to measles in the country.

West Nile Fever

The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.

Polio

There is a risk of acquiring Polio in the country and is transmitted from one person to another when droplets from a sneeze or cough of an infected person gets into the mouth of another person.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 1)

African trypanosomiasis (“sleeping sickness”) occurs in this country. Travellers to urban areas are not at risk.

Malaria

There is a risk of malaria throughout the country, except in Khartoum. The risk is very high in the central and southern parts of Sudan.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in Sudan. Travellers to Sudan are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Sudan, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Meningitis

Meningitis outbreaks may occur in Sudan. Travellers who visit during the dry season (January to April) or expect to have prolonged contact with the local population are especially at risk.

Rabies

Rabies does occur in Sudan. Bats may also carry rabies-like viruses. Travellers involved in outdoor and other activities that might bring them into direct contact with dogs and other mammals (such as campers, hikers, adventure travellers and cavers), as well as travellers with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wild life professionals and researchers), and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Yellow Fever

There is a risk of yellow fever transmission in areas south of the Sahara Desert, excluding the city of Khartoum. This country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate for travellers over 1 year of age arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited more than 12 hours through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission. A certificate may be required for travellers departing Sudan.

Sudan中的安全性

人身安全

蘇丹正面臨一場激烈的內戰，這場內戰始於2023年4月，交戰雙方是蘇丹武裝部隊和快速支援部隊。戰鬥持續在全國各地進行，光是喀土穆州就有超過6.1萬人死亡。自衝突爆發以來，死亡人數估計在數萬至15萬人之間。超過1400萬人流離失所，使其成為全球最嚴重的流離失所危機。雙方軍事派系經常以平民為目標，在武裝衝突的同時進行無差別襲擊、搶劫和綁架。路障和檢查站毫無預警地出現，通常由武裝團體管理。外國人成為綁架的目標，以勒索贖金或進行宣傳。蘇丹各地發生武裝搶劫、劫車和入室搶劫等暴力犯罪。蘇丹西部，尤其是達爾富爾地區匪患猖獗。電力和通訊（包括網路和手機服務）隨時可能中斷。疏散方案極為有限且複雜。喀土穆國際機場仍關閉。蘇丹局勢暴力頻繁，動盪不安，極難預測。大多數政府建議所有公民不要前往蘇丹，並已撤回外交人員。

極端暴力

蘇丹正經歷著世界上最嚴重的人道危機之一，平民遭受極端暴力。交戰雙方均犯下戰爭罪和危害人類罪。達爾富爾地區正在發生種族清洗和滅絕事件，馬薩利特人、富爾人、扎格哈瓦人和其他非阿拉伯社區遭受系統性攻擊。武裝人員不分皂白地射殺平民，並對婦女和女孩實施性暴力。大規模搶劫市場、房屋和焚燒農場的事件在多個地區造成嚴重破壞。出於種族動機的針對平民的攻擊日益普遍。快速支援部隊及其盟軍民兵在西達爾富爾地區屠殺了數千人，光是2023年至2024年期間，該地區就有至少1萬人喪生。達爾富爾平民面臨攻擊、拘留和殺害，村莊則遭到攻擊、焚燒和搶劫。交戰雙方都在人口稠密地區使用重型武器。性暴力和性別暴力急劇上升，2023年12月至2024年12月期間尋求支持服務的倖存者數量增加了288%。婦女和女孩遭受強暴、輪姦、綁架、性奴役和強迫婚姻。招募童子軍現象普遍存在。醫院和醫療機構遭到圍攻，衝突地區超過80%的醫院無法運作。 2024年最後一個季度的暴力事件比衝突爆發以來的任何時候都多。

政治動盪

自2021年10月軍事政變解散過渡文職政府以來，蘇丹經歷了嚴重的政治動盪。 2023年4月，蘇丹武裝部隊與快速支援部隊之間爆發內戰，標誌著政治過渡過程徹底崩潰。衝突源於圍繞快速支援部隊併入軍隊以及經濟部門控制權的爭議。儘管國際社會努力調解，但雙方均拒絕停止暴力。和平談判屢屢失敗。快速支援部隊宣布成立平行政府，引發了人們對領土長期分裂的擔憂。此前，蘇丹爆發了大規模示威活動，要求成立民選政府。安全部隊過度使用致命武力驅散人群，造成大量傷亡。喀土穆及全國各地的任意逮捕和拘留事件仍在繼續。宵禁幾乎毫無預警地實施。政治緊張局勢持續處於危機水平，且看不到解決的跡象。這一局勢引發了全球最嚴重的人道危機，超過3000萬人需要援助。地區和國際參與者在戰爭中選邊站，導致戰鬥持續不斷。

應避免的區域

由於內戰激烈，請避開蘇丹所有地區。達爾富爾地區仍然極度危險，是個活躍的衝突地區。達爾富爾五個首府城市都經歷了激烈的戰鬥，朱奈納、尼亞拉、扎林蓋和代因都被快速安全部隊攻占。北達爾富爾的法希爾自 2024 年 5 月以來一直處於圍困之中。西達爾富爾經歷了特別可怕的暴力和種族清洗。在蘇丹武裝部隊於 2025 年 3 月重新奪回關鍵地區之前，首都喀土穆是戰鬥最激烈的地點，但這座城市仍然動盪不安，危險重重。喀土穆的大部分基礎設施已被摧毀。大喀土穆都會區的恩圖曼和巴赫里一部分繼續發生衝突。東南部的傑濟拉省發生了針對平民營地的種族攻擊。南蘇丹邊境的南科爾多凡州和青尼羅河州面臨武裝暴力。由於武裝團體和地雷的存在，乍得、中非共和國、南蘇丹、利比亞和厄立特里亞邊境地區局勢危險。紅海地區和北達爾富爾地區面臨更高的飢荒風險。大城市以外的地區基礎設施極為薄弱，醫療服務有限。衝突地區的人道援助管道受到嚴重限制。