Botswana

Botswana的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis A in this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B in this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through the consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities, rural areas, or staying with friends and family.

黃熱病疫苗

There is no risk of acquiring yellow fever in Botswana. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required from travellers over 1 year of age arriving from or having passed through countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited more than 12 hours through the airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission, and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.

Botswana的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Recommended anti-malaria medication includes atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline or mefloquine. Anti-malaria drug resistance for chloroquine is present.

Botswana要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis A

There is a risk of hepatitis A exposure through contaminated food or water.

Hepatitis B

There is a risk for acquiring hepatitis B in this country.

Dengue Fever

There is a risk of exposure to dengue fever virus in this country.

Cholera

Cholera does occur in this country.

Chikungunya Fever

There is a risk of exposure to chikungunya virus in this country.

對於一些旅行者

Malaria

Malaria risk exists from November to May/June in the northern parts of the country, specifically in Bobirwa, Boteti, Chobe, Ngamiland, Okavango, and Tutume districts/sub-districts.

African Tick Bite Fever

Sporadic cases of this disease are reported in this country.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Botswana, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas and staying with friends and relatives.

Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis is found in Botswana. It is acquired through contact with fresh, unchlorinated water, such as lakes, ponds, or rivers, when swimming, bathing or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools or salt water in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for this disease.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in Botswana. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in Botswana. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Yellow Fever

There is no risk of acquiring yellow fever in Botswana. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required from travellers over 1 year of age arriving from or having passed through countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited more than 12 hours through the airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.

Botswana中的安全性

人身安全

根據2024年全球和平指數，波札那名列非洲第三和平國家。諸如盜竊金錢、個人財產和手機等機會犯罪在該國各地屢見不鮮。暴力犯罪呈上升趨勢，尤其是在哈博羅內、弗朗西斯敦和馬翁等大城市。潛在的暴力事件包括入室搶劫、入室盜竊、在交通號誌和購物中心停車場砸車搶劫、手機竊盜以及搶劫，這些案件通常會向警方報案。在高峰時段，餐廳已成為犯罪目標。雖然針對遊客的攻擊事件仍然罕見，但在野生動物園、自然保護區和遊客經常光顧的偏遠地區，犯罪活動時有發生。旅館和旅館也難免受到犯罪活動的侵擾。據報道，喬貝地區的旅館，尤其是河畔的旅館，發生了一些零星的入室盜竊和盜竊事件。由於犯罪率較高，首都哈博羅內大壩和克蓋勒山的居民應特別小心。警方的出警時間可能比預期的要長，而且全國各地的警察服務水準也可能有所不同。波札那的恐怖主義威脅等級相對較低，近期未發生恐怖攻擊。然而，該國也承認其安全挑戰日益嚴峻，包括恐怖主義、網路犯罪、人口販運、毒品販運和跨國組織犯罪。波札那曾向莫三比克派遣軍隊打擊伊斯蘭叛亂分子，這給該國帶來了潛在的安全隱患。

極端暴力

博茨瓦納發生恐怖攻擊或國家間衝突的風險極低。恐怖威脅等級相對較低，該國近期未發生恐怖攻擊。然而，面對日益嚴峻的全球安全挑戰，政府正在製定國家安全戰略。自2021年7月派遣部隊前往莫三比克打擊伊斯蘭叛亂分子以來，波札那面臨日益加劇的恐怖主義擔憂，此次行動共造成五名士兵陣亡，其中一人在戰鬥中喪生。該國認識到網路犯罪、恐怖主義、偷獵、人口販運、毒品分銷、洗錢和跨國組織犯罪等新興威脅，這些威脅持續威脅該國的主權和領土完整。津巴布韋、南非和尚比亞等國的犯罪網絡仍在該國活動，其中一些犯罪網絡裝備精良，並擁有軍事技能。有組織犯罪活動包括俄羅斯和亞洲犯罪網絡，這些網絡被自然資源、野生動物和毒品所吸引。據報道，有武裝搶劫和暴力犯罪從南非蔓延開來。武裝團體在高峰時段搶劫餐廳的事件日益頻繁，尤其是在弗朗西斯敦和馬翁。入室搶劫也常涉及武裝團夥。波札那的性侵犯率很高，儘管外國遊客不太可能成為目標。喬貝地區發生的事件包括旅館和旅館房間被闖入，導致強姦和其他性犯罪。謀殺和叛國等嚴重罪行可能被判死刑，嚴重攻擊可能被判處體罰。

政治動盪

波札那是非洲最穩定的民主國家之一，擁有非洲大陸持續時間最長的多黨民主制國家。該國人權記錄整體良好，政治穩定。 2024年10月，波札那民主黨在1966年獨立後執政，遭遇歷史性失敗，反對派聯盟「民主變革傘」和平贏得權力。觀察員認為選舉自由公正。公眾示威活動罕見，很少演變成暴力事件，但政治暴力威脅被認為較低。然而，集會自由要求公民獲得警方許可才能舉行示威活動，警方有時會拒絕這些要求。 2024年9月，示威者在抗議一項可能賦予總統廣泛權力的憲法修正案時與警方發生衝突。警方使用了武力，一些抗議者遭到毆打和受傷，但該法案草案最終未獲通過。 2011年，警方對抗議者使用了催淚瓦斯和橡皮子彈。 2022年6月，警方使用武力驅散抗議儀式殺戮的憤怒居民。該國的政治共識總體保持穩定。請避開示威和大型集會區域。政治集會和抗議活動可能演變成暴力事件。反腐敗抗議活動已發生，青年領導的示威活動呼籲起訴被控腐敗的前官員。在軍事和政府設施附近拍攝或使用攝影設備是違法的。

應避免的區域

大多數暴力犯罪集中在哈博羅內、弗朗西斯敦和馬翁等主要城市。哈博羅內作為首都和人口最密集的地區，犯罪率位居全國最高。由於犯罪事件頻繁，前往哈博羅內大壩和卡勒山需格外小心。馬翁是旅遊之都，也是通往奧卡萬戈三角洲的門戶，犯罪者會利用遊客不熟悉的周邊環境來敲詐。然而，奧卡萬戈三角洲本身的犯罪率較低。弗朗西斯敦是第二大城市，近年來犯罪率上升。犯罪活動遍布全國，尤其是與南非、辛巴威和納米比亞接壤的邊境地區。津巴布韋、南非和尚比亞的犯罪集團曾在偏僻的道路上瞄準毫無戒心的遊客，但這種情況並不常見。據報道，在喬貝地區曾發生過一些零星事件，遊客的酒店和旅館房間在夜間被盜，尤其是在臨河的旅館。野生動物園、自然保護區和遊客常去的偏遠地區也有犯罪通報。與人口較多的東部走廊相比，奧卡萬戈三角洲、馬翁、卡薩內和卡拉哈里沙漠的犯罪率較低。從南非入境時務必小心，因為約翰尼斯堡或坦博國際機場和開普敦國際機場的行李竊盜問題持續存在。前往偏遠的沙漠地區需要聘請信譽良好的導遊，並駕駛配備緊急物資的四輪驅動車輛。在非常偏遠的地區，請結伴旅行或攜帶衛星電話，以防車輛拋錨。避免前往位於哈博羅內的總統官邸——國家大廈，尤其是在夜間。