Rwanda

Rwanda的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

乙肝疫苗

There is a risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.

黃熱病疫苗

There is a low risk of yellow fever in this country. According to the Rwandan Ministry of Health (instructions on yellow fever prevention measures, April 17, 2016), to enter Rwanda, a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate is mandatory for travellers coming from yellow fever endemic countries and countries with active yellow fever outbreaks. A yellow fever vaccination certificate is not required for travellers coming from yellow fever-free countries and without an active outbreak of yellow fever.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Rwanda的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Recommended anti-malaria medications include atovaquone-proguanil, mefloquine or doxycycline. Resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxime-pyrimethamine has been reported.

Rwanda要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis A

There is a risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Rwanda through contaminated food or water.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever may occur in Rwanda.

Dengue Fever

Outbreaks of dengue fever may occur.

Cholera

Cholera outbreaks occur in Rwanda. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.

Hepatitis B

There is a risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Rwanda.

對於一些旅行者

Measles

There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.

Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis is found in this country. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease may occur in this country. Ticks that cause this disease are usually most active from November through April. Travellers engaging in outdoor activities such as camping, hiking, and game hunting in wooded, brushy, or grassy areas may be at a higher risk.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 1)

African trypanosomiasis occurs in this country. Travellers to urban areas are not at risk.

West Nile Fever

The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Sporadic outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) may occur in this country. Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in this country through sand fly bites, particularly between dusk to dawn. Adventure tourists, outdoor athletes, or humanitarian aid workers are at a higher risk.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in this country through specific insect, bug or tick bites or by coming in close contact with a person or animal infected with this disease. Travellers involved in activities like hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas are at a higher risk. There are no vaccinations (or medications) to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

Meningitis

Meningitis occurs in Rwanda. Travellers who visit during the dry season (December-June) or expect to have prolonged contact with the local population are especially at risk.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Rwanda, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in Rwanda. Travellers to Rwanda are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Yellow Fever

There is a low risk of yellow fever in this country. According to the Rwandan Ministry of Health (instructions on yellow fever prevention measures, April 17, 2016), to enter Rwanda, a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate is mandatory for travellers coming from yellow fever endemic countries and countries with active yellow fever outbreaks. A yellow fever vaccination certificate is not required for travellers coming from yellow fever-free countries and without an active outbreak of yellow fever.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in Rwanda. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) and may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are also at higher risk.

Malaria

All areas of Rwanda are at high risk for malaria.

Rwanda中的安全性

人身安全

盧安達是非洲最安全的旅遊國家之一，犯罪率與週邊鄰國相比相對較低。該國在2024年安全指數中得分為73.2分，在蓋洛普全球法律與秩序報告中位列非洲第二安全的國家。扒手、搶包和竊盜等輕微犯罪在基加利時有發生，尤其是在擁擠的市場、公車站和交通樞紐。入室盜竊和車輛盜竊偶爾會發生，尤其是在首都。針對遊客的暴力犯罪很少見。在繁忙地區，您應該注意周圍環境，並避免在天黑後獨自在陌生的街區行走。基加利過去曾發生過手榴彈攻擊事件，但這些事件並不常見。盧安達警察保持可見的存在，83%的居民對當地執法表示信任。基加利的一些禁區可能沒有明確標記，進入這些區域可能會導致逮捕和拘留。禁止拍攝政府大樓、軍事基地和邊境口岸。盧安達對與種族滅絕有關的言論實施嚴格的法律，分裂或種族主義行為將受到罰款和監禁。

極端暴力

盧安達境內的恐怖主義風險被認為較低，近年來在基加利或主要旅遊區沒有發生針對遊客的重大事件。然而，恐怖攻擊不能排除，而且可能是不分皂白的，包括在外國人參觀的地方。武裝團體在盧安達西部邊境的剛果民主共和國境內活動，剛果民主共和國東部持續衝突的暴力事件有蔓延的風險。盧安達軍隊已部署部隊支援剛果民主共和國東部的M23武裝團體，加劇了區域不穩定。多個反對盧安達政府的武裝團體在剛果民主共和國東部活動，並偶爾入侵盧安達領土。 2023年6月，疑似武裝份子在紐恩威森林向一輛公共客車開火，造成2人死亡，6人受傷。同月，一名剛果士兵在吉塞尼越境進入盧安達，向平民和安全人員開槍，造成2名盧安達警察受傷。靠近剛果民主共和國邊境的盧安達領土多次遭到砲彈攻擊。與盧安達接壤的剛果民主共和國南北基伍省經常發生暴力、強姦、綁架、殺戮和武裝搶劫事件，這些活動經常以平民為目標。

政治動盪

在總統保羅·卡加梅和自1994年以來執政的盧安達愛國陣線的長期領導下，盧安達維持了政治穩定。政府透過法律限制、監視和恐嚇反對派人士嚴格控制政治空間。在2024年7月舉行的總統和國會選舉中，卡加梅以99.2%的得票率獲勝，競選活動由執政黨主導，一些知名反對派政治人物被禁止參加。一些反對派成員仍在獄中，其中包括未註冊的達爾法-烏穆林齊黨成員，他們於2021年被捕並被審前拘留多年。示威活動需要許可，未經授權將受到嚴厲處罰，法律示威活動可判處8天至6個月的監禁或巨額罰款。由於這些限制，公眾抗議活動很少見。憲法規定了和平集會自由，但政府並不總是尊重這項權利。不符合政府計畫的民間社會組織將面臨運作困難。批評公共政策的記者和評論員面臨侵權起訴、強迫失踪，有時甚至在不明原因的情況下死亡。在非官方設施中被任意拘留的情況很常見，尤其是在高調訪問或大型國際活動期間。

應避免的區域

由於武裝暴力和安全局勢動盪，請避免前往剛果民主共和國邊境 10 公里範圍內的魯巴武區，包括吉塞尼鎮。據報道，該地區發生了激烈戰鬥，包括砲擊。由於靠近在剛果民主共和國境內跨境活動的叛亂團體，請避免前往剛果民主共和國邊境 10 公里範圍內的魯西齊區，包括魯西齊鎮、基伍湖上的盧安達島嶼和卡門貝機場。在剛果民主共和國邊境的火山國家公園要格外小心，因為邊界可能沒有明確標記，而且武裝團體在鄰近的剛果民主共和國維龍加公園活動。該地區面臨的武裝衝突日益增多，衝突可能蔓延到邊界標記不清的地方。在與布隆迪接壤的紐恩威森林國家公園要格外小心，該公園曾發生過跨境安全事件。 2023 年 6 月，該地區的 Nyamagabe-Rusizi 公路上發生了一起針對客車的襲擊事件。盧安達和蒲隆地邊境自2024年1月起關閉，並將持續關閉至另行通知。由於潛在的緊張局勢和跨境襲擊，請在布隆迪邊境10公里範圍內保持高度警覺。戈馬-吉塞尼與剛果民主共和國的邊境口岸可能會在短時間內關閉。進入火山國家公園和紐恩威森林國家公園需持有盧安達發展委員會頒發的許可證。