Nicaragua
關於Nicaragua
| 貨幣 | Córdoba (NIO) |
| 語言 | Spanish |
| 資本金 | Managua |
The Republic of Nicaragua is in Central America, bordering Costa Rica and Honduras and with coastline on the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The population is about 6 million people. Although Spanish is the official language, English and other regional languages are also spoken. The government is a democratic republic with a president as chief of state and head of government.
Years of civil war, dictatorship, and natural disasters left Nicaragua one of the poorest countries in Latin America. The Somoza family dictatorship lasted for 43 years of the 20th century, draining the country of revenue and growth by controlling businesses, banking, and the government. In the 1970s after a major earthquake, the Somoza’s used relief funds for their own benefit, and even the elite began to work for political change. The Sandinistas came to power, made improvements in health and education and redistributed property. However, because the United States became worried about the country’s ties to Cuba, the U.S. financed and armed the Contra rebels. Although the Sandinistas eventually prevailed, this war along with major natural disasters, left the country in dire condition.
Nicaragua’s government views tourism as a means to combat poverty. Tourism has grown in recent years, and in 2010, Nicaragua received about one million visitors. Travellers can enjoy rainforests, beaches, volcanoes, and nature reserves.
Nicaragua的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
對於一些旅行者
黃熱病疫苗
Although there is no risk of yellow fever in Nicaragua, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required from travellers aged 1 year or over arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission.
傷寒疫苗
There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
Nicaragua的推薦藥物
對於一些旅行者
抗瘧藥
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends atovaquone-proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, or mefloquine for Región Autónoma Atlántico Norte (RAAN) and Región Autónoma Atlántico Sur (RAAS). NaTHNaC and WHO only recommend chloroquine for risk areas.
Nicaragua要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Hepatitis B
There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Nicaragua.
Hepatitis A
There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Nicaragua.
Chikungunya Fever
Chikungunya fever has occurred in this country.
Dengue Fever
There is a risk of dengue fever in Nicaragua throughout the year.
對於一些旅行者
Yellow Fever
Although there is no risk of yellow fever in Nicaragua, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required from travellers aged 1 year or over arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission.
Typhoid Fever
Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Nicaragua, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.
Malaria
Malaria is reported to be present in Región Autónoma Atlántico Norte (where most malaria cases are reported) and Región Autónoma Atlántico Sur. Rare cases in Boaco, Chinandega, Esteli, Jinotega, Leon, Matagalpa, and Nueva Segovia. No malaria in the city of Managua. WHO notes that cases are reported from other municipalities in the central and western departments, but the risk in these areas is considered to be very low or negligible.
Rabies
Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.
Zika Fever
There is transmission of the Zika virus in this country.
Chagas Disease
The risk for travellers is extremely low. There is a higher risk if staying in poor quality housing that might harbour the insect that transmits this disease.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis occurs in this country. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.
Nicaragua中的安全性
人身安全
尼加拉瓜的安全問題對遊客來說既複雜又複雜。雖然該地區的兇殺率相對較低,約為每十萬居民7起,但扒竊、搶錢包和盜竊等輕微犯罪卻屢見不鮮,尤其是在馬那瓜、公車站、市場和人流密集的旅遊區。性侵犯和持械搶劫時有發生,而主要城區以外的警力資源有限。據報道,曾發生過快速綁架事件,受害者被迫前往自動櫃員機提取現金,有時甚至涉及無牌出租車。政治環境也帶來了額外的風險。政府因政治原因針對個人,對外國人和尼加拉瓜公民實施任意出入境禁令、驅逐出境、逮捕和拘留。您的個人設備可能會被搜查是否含有反政府內容,並可能被無故拒絕出入境。參與示威活動或宣傳異議(包括在社群媒體上),可能會導致被拘留或驅逐出境。有錯誤拘留的風險,司法程序往往缺乏透明度,定罪往往在缺乏充分辯護的非公開審判中進行。自2018年以來,政府已關閉了5,300多個民間社會組織,並以虛假指控逮捕了一些個人。宗教工作者和非營利組織的志工面臨特別的審查和可疑的刑事調查。大使館的協助可能有限。避免參加政治集會、示威活動、表達對政府政策的意見。犯罪主要影響當地人,而非遊客,但你可能會在錯誤的時間出現在錯誤的地點。與洪都拉斯和哥斯大黎加接壤的邊境地區犯罪活動更為猖獗。
極端暴力
尼加拉瓜是中美洲兇殺率最低的國家之一。大多數暴力事件與組織犯罪有關或出於政治動機,而非針對遊客。準軍事部隊和準警察,即身著便衣的武裝平民,出於政治原因對公民實施暴力。攻擊事件發生在大城市,偶爾也會發生在農村地區,但外國人很少成為攻擊目標。幫派暴力事件,包括駕車槍擊、持刀傷人和武裝搶劫,主要集中在馬那瓜的雷內·希克和豪爾赫·季米特洛夫等貧困社區。犯罪集團在與哥斯達黎加和宏都拉斯接壤的邊境地區更為活躍。販毒活動發生在加勒比海沿岸,尤其是在布魯菲爾茲、卡貝薩斯港和玉米島附近,這些地方警察力量稀少,犯罪者有機可乘。如果遇到武裝罪犯,切勿反抗,因為不服從命令已經造成了傷亡。許多罪犯攜帶武器。聯合國記錄了2018年至2024年間,米斯基圖族和瑪揚納族地區針對原住民的67起暴力事件,包括謀殺、性暴力和綁架,以及定居者暴力和土地侵占。政治壓迫不斷升級,當局犯下了包括監禁、酷刑和迫害在內的危害人類罪。 2018年政府鎮壓抗議活動造成300多人死亡。自那時起,系統性侵犯人權的行為仍在繼續,批評者和反對者被任意拘留。自2023年以來,已有超過450人被剝奪公民身分並被迫流亡。
政治動盪
在奧爾特加-穆里略政府的領導下,尼加拉瓜面臨嚴重的政治不穩定。自2018年爆發大規模抗議活動以來,政府加強了威權控制,並系統性地壓制異議人士。超過5600個非政府組織被關閉,其中包括宗教團體、大學和民間社會組織。超過200名政治犯仍被拘留或被強制驅逐出境並被剝奪公民身分。政府禁止外國人參與政治活動。任何被認為支持反對派、批評政府政策或參與示威活動的行為都可能導致立即被拘留、驅逐或禁止入境。這包括社交媒體活動。當局會搜索個人設備,尋找反政府內容並監控通訊。出於政治原因,當局會在沒有任何解釋或理由的情況下拒絕入境或出境,並且不提供旅行退款。司法系統已被政治動機的起訴武器化,這些起訴發生在沒有公正或透明程序的非公開審判中。定罪經常在沒有充分辯護或可靠證據的情況下發生。被拘留者可能面臨嚴酷、危及生命的監禁條件,並可能長期處於未經指控的狀態。自2018年以來,國際監督機構一直未獲準進入尼加拉瓜。聯合國已發現有合理理由表明當局犯下了危害人類罪,包括謀殺、監禁、酷刑、性暴力和強制驅逐出境。示威活動雖然不常發生,但可能演變成暴力事件,並導致交通中斷。甚至記者、學者、商界代表、宗教工作者和人權捍衛者也成為攻擊目標。被視為反對者的家人也成為受害者。局勢已經惡化到尼加拉瓜已轉變為一個沒有任何獨立機構的獨裁國家的地步。
應避免的區域
尼加拉瓜的幾個地區需要格外小心,或應該避免前往。馬那瓜的犯罪率高於全國其他地區。具體的高風險區域包括老教堂周圍地區、圓形大廳廣場和軍醫院之間的玻利瓦爾大道、巴里奧瑪莎·克扎達的TICABUS終點站、阿爾塔米拉街區、雷內·希克和豪爾赫·季米特羅夫,這些地區幫派暴力事件頻繁發生。東方市場、胡埃姆貝斯市場和馬約雷奧市場是扒竊高發地。玫瑰區以賣淫活動聞名。加勒比海沿岸地區,包括卡貝薩斯港、布魯菲爾茲和玉米島,街頭犯罪和販毒活動較為活躍,且警力不足。這些地區的犯罪活動與毒品走私有關。與洪都拉斯和哥斯達黎加接壤的邊境地區犯罪和暴力事件頻發,犯罪集團在這些地區更為活躍。北部邊境地區埋有未標記地雷,旅行者不應離開該地區的主要道路。北加勒比自治區的原住民領地持續面臨武裝定居者的暴力侵害,包括謀殺、綁架和土地糾紛。應避免在城市中心舉行政治集會,因為那裡可能發生示威活動,而且外國參與是非法的。遠離旅遊基礎設施的偏遠地區缺乏足夠的警力覆蓋。全國各地的市場、公車站和公共交通工具都是偷竊的常見地點。天黑後,避免在任何可疑的街區行走,尤其是在馬那瓜和布魯菲爾茲。