Panama
關於Panama
| 貨幣 | Balboa (PAB) |
| 語言 | Spanish |
| 資本金 | Panama City |
Panama is located in Central America, between Colombia and Costa Rica, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The population is about 3.4 million, with about 1.3 million people living in Panama City. Although the official currency is the balboa, Panama uses the US dollar for paper currency.
Panama is a republic with a constitutional democracy. A president is chief of state and head of government.
The Panama Canal has influenced the history and economy of Panama. An expansion of the canal has begun and is scheduled to be completed in 2014. Since 2006, Panama has seen an economic boom and has been one of the fastest growing economies in Latin America. Despite the economy’s performance, about one-third of the people of Panama live in poverty.
Panama的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
對於一些旅行者
黃熱病疫苗
There is a risk of yellow fever transmission in some areas of Panama. Panama requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate from travellers over 1 year of age arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission. A yellow fever vaccination is recommended for all travellers aged 9 months or over travelling to all mainland areas east of the area surrounding the Canal (the entire Comarcas of Emberá and Kuna Yala, the province of Darién and areas of the provinces of Colón and Panama that are east of the Canal). The yellow fever vaccination is not recommended for travellers whose itineraries are limited to areas west of the Canal, the city of Panama, the Canal area itself, and the Balboa Islands (Pearl Islands) and San Blas Islands.
傷寒疫苗
There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
Panama的推薦藥物
對於一些旅行者
抗瘧藥
Recommended anti-malaria medications include atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, mefloquine, primaquine, or tafenoquine. Resistance to chloroquine has been reported.
Panama要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Hepatitis B
There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Panama.
Dengue Fever
There is a risk of dengue in this country.
Hepatitis A
There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Panama through contaminated food or water. Infection can still occur at tourist destinations and resorts.
Chikungunya Fever
Chikungunya fever has occurred in this country.
對於一些旅行者
Malaria
Risk areas include the provinces of Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Columbus, Darien, Panama, Veraguas, Emberá, Kuna Yala, and Ngäbe-Buglé. There is no risk of malaria in the urban areas of Panama City or in the former Canal Zone.
Chagas Disease
American trypanosomiasis occurs in Panama. This disease is more common in rural areas, however, the risk of travellers acquiring this disease is low unless staying in very poor quality housing or camping.
Typhoid Fever
Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Panama, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis occurs in this country. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis occurs in Panama, particularly in the western or west-central areas. The risk of acquiring leishmaniasis is increased in travellers who spend time outdoors in rural areas and at night, when sand flies typically feed.
Zika Fever
There is transmission of the Zika virus in this country.
Yellow Fever
There is a risk of yellow fever transmission in some areas of Panama. Panama requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate from travellers over 1 year of age arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission. A yellow fever vaccination is recommended for all travellers aged 9 months or over travelling to all mainland areas east of the area surrounding the Canal (the entire Comarcas of Emberá and Kuna Yala, the province of Darién and areas of the provinces of Colón and Panama that are east of the Canal). The yellow fever vaccination is not recommended for travellers whose itineraries are limited to areas west of the Canal, the city of Panama, the Canal area itself, and the Balboa Islands (Pearl Islands) and San Blas Islands.
Rabies
Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.
Hanta Virus
There is a low risk of accquiring Hanta Virus Infection in this country.
Panama中的安全性
人身安全
巴拿馬犯罪率中等，輕微犯罪多於暴力犯罪。扒手、搶包和竊盜是最常見的犯罪問題，尤其是在人流密集的地區、交通樞紐和旅遊景點，包括巴拿馬城和科隆。搶劫和持槍搶劫確實會發生，但暴力犯罪較少，不過遊客可能會受到影響。 2024 年兇殺案比 2023 年增加了 4.4%，其中 75% 的兇殺案集中在巴拿馬省和科隆省。兇殺率從 2021 年的每 10 萬人 12.6 起下降到 2022 年的 11.3 起。巴拿馬存在幫派活動，約有 204 個幫派主要在巴拿馬、科隆和奇里基省活動。據報道，快速綁架事件（受害者被帶到 ATM 機提款）相對少見。大多數幫派暴力事件發生在敵對團體之間，通常不針對遊客。販毒集團成員之間有時甚至會在觀光區發生定點清除行動。您應該避免攜帶大量現金或展示貴重物品。使用銀行或購物中心內的ATM可以降低風險，因為曾經發生過有人在街頭ATM提款時遭到攻擊的情況。飲料下藥可能發生在任何地方，所以切勿將飲料放在無人看管的地方，並在調配飲料時保持警惕。小心陌生人提供的零食、飲料或香煙，因為它們可能含有毒品。
極端暴力
巴拿馬的極端暴力事件主要與幫派活動和販毒有關，而非隨意針對一般民眾。幫派鬥爭是大多數暴力犯罪的導火線，幫派之間合併形成兩個主要敵對集團，即卡洛爾卡洛爾和巴格達。這些團夥正從受僱的當地幫派發展成為更複雜的組織，能夠運輸大量毒品並參與領土保衛。幫派暗殺事件時有發生，有時甚至發生在觀光區，但這些事件發生在敵對販毒集團成員之間。主要幫派活動在巴拿馬省、科隆和奇里基地區，這些地區的兇殺案數量也最高。販毒組織活躍於全國各地，尤其是在沿海地區和邊境地區。武裝搶劫和搶劫事件時有發生，但對於大多數採取合理預防措施的遊客來說，這並非常常態。據報道，在某些地區，例如博卡斯德爾托羅的巴斯蒂門托斯島，天黑後曾發生針對遊客的襲擊事件，那裡曾發生過搶劫、襲擊和強姦事件。大多數嚴重的暴力犯罪都集中在旅行者可以避開的地區。
政治動盪
2023 年 10 月和 11 月，巴拿馬經歷了自幹預時代以來最大規模的抗議活動，持續了 39 天。示威活動因與第一量子礦業公司簽訂的有爭議的採礦合約而爆發，這是自 1980 年代後期反對諾列加獨裁統治的抗議活動以來規模最大的一次。最高法院最終於 2023 年 11 月裁定採礦合約違憲。 2025 年，抗議活動再次爆發，涉及社會安全改革和銅礦可能重新開放等議題。示威活動始於 2025 年 4 月的教師罷工，後來發展到建築工人、學生、護士、香蕉工人和原住民群體。這些抗議活動包括封鎖泛美公路和小路，擾亂了交通和商業。抗議熱點包括巴拿馬城、科隆、拉喬雷拉、佩內諾梅、聖地亞哥、大衛和博卡斯德爾托羅。一些抗議活動演變成暴力事件，示威者與警察發生衝突。政府採取了鎮壓手段，包括突襲工會總部和逮捕工會領導人。抗議活動通常涉及非正式的路障，並可能影響邊境口岸和國際機場的通行。歷史上，每年12月20日，即「正義事業行動」週年紀念日，都會舉行示威活動，通常在巴拿馬城各地和美國大使館舉行。
應避免的區域
亞維薩以外的達連隘口是巴拿馬最危險的地區，應完全避開。這片靠近哥倫比亞邊境的偏遠叢林地區由組織犯罪集團、販毒者、人口走私者和武裝團體控制。暴力犯罪率極高，據報有綁架、謀殺、武裝搶劫、性侵犯和勒索等案件。除了塞納弗朗特邊境特工外，沒有其他道路通行，也沒有警察駐守。從博卡德里奧奇里基到科克萊德爾諾特的加勒比海北部海岸的蚊子灣極其偏遠，毒品走私和人口販賣活動猖獗。該地區交通不便，請勿前往。科隆市無論白天或夜晚犯罪率都很高。這座城市以搶劫和提供不受歡迎的導遊服務的暴力分子而聞名。作為政府打擊組織犯罪措施的一部分，政府於2024年8月推出了針對18歲以下無人陪伴未成年人的夜間宵禁政策。在巴拿馬城，請避開埃爾喬里略 (El Chorrillo)、庫倫杜 (Curundu)、聖米格利托 (San Miguelito)、聖安娜 (Santa Ana) 和卡利多尼亞 (Calidonia) 等街區，尤其是在天黑後，因為這些地區的犯罪率較高，幫派活動也較為活躍。博卡斯德爾托羅 (Bocas del Toro) 的巴斯蒂門托斯 (Bastimentos) 島有報道稱，天黑後會發生搶劫、襲擊和強姦遊客的事件。最好留在主島科隆島 (Isla Colon)，那裡設有警察局。博克特 (Boquete) 和奇里基省 (Chiriqui Province) 周圍的某些健行區曾發生過遊客失蹤事件。
