Lebanon
關於Lebanon
| 貨幣 | Lebanese pound (LBP) |
| 語言 | Arabic. Also widely spoken are French, English and Armenian. |
| 資本金 | Beirut |
The Republic of Lebanon is located in the Middle East between Syria and Israel and has a long coastal border on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon’s population is about 4.1 million people.
The government is a republic, with a special system referred to as confessionalism. This system strives for fair representation of the country’s 18 recognized religious groups. The chief of state is a president, and the head of government is a prime minister.
Prior to the 15-year civil war (1975-1990), Lebanon was stable and prosperous, along with a strong economy fueled by tourism, banking, and agriculture. The capital, Beirut, was once known as “the Paris of the Middle East,” and the country was known as the “Switzerland of the East.” After the civil war, the Lebanese made great efforts to rebuild the country and renew the economy. Lebanon again had stability until 2006 when the Israel-Lebanon conflict led to much civilian death and heavy damage to the country’s infrastructure.
Lebanon recovered from this conflict; and while the world was experiencing global economic crises, Lebanon experienced economic growth of about 7 percent in 2009 and 2010 along with a huge increase in tourism.
Recent incidents in the southern area of Lebanon continue to threaten the country’s safety and security.
Lebanon的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
對於一些旅行者
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
傷寒疫苗
There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.
麻疹,腮腺炎,風疹(MMR)疫苗
A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.
霍亂疫苗
The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission, and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.
Lebanon的推薦藥物
目前沒有針對Lebanon的建議。
Lebanon要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Hepatitis B
There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Lebanon.
Hepatitis A
There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Lebanon through contaminated food or water. Infection can still occur at tourist destinations and resorts.
對於一些旅行者
Measles
There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.
Cholera
Cholera occurrence is widespread in Lebanon.
Hanta Virus
There is a risk of acquiring Hanta Virus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.
Leishmaniasis
There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in this country through sand fly bites, particularly between dusk to dawn. Adventure tourists, outdoor athletes, or humanitarian aid workers are at a higher risk.
Typhoid Fever
Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Lebanon, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.
Rabies
Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.
Schistosomiasis
This disease is present in this country and is acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.
Lebanon中的安全性
人身安全
2024年11月以色列與真主黨停火後,黎巴嫩的安全環境仍動盪。儘管大規模軍事行動已經暫停,但一些地區的武裝衝突和軍事活動仍毫無預警地持續進行。黎巴嫩政府無法保證防範突發暴力事件。家庭、鄰里或宗派糾紛可能瞬間升級為槍戰。綁架事件可能出於贖金、政治動機或家庭糾紛,嫌疑犯通常與恐怖分子或犯罪組織有關。外國人,包括商務旅客,被視為合法目標。扒手和搶錢包等輕微犯罪常發生在人潮密集的地區。自2019年以來,經濟崩潰導致暴力犯罪急劇增加,包括武裝搶劫、劫車和加油站槍擊事件。在光線不足和警力薄弱的地區,入夜後搶劫活動更加猖獗。平民為搶劫凍結的存款而搶劫銀行的情況時有發生。爭吵迅速升級為暴力事件,槍枝和刀具的使用十分常見。慶祝和警告性鳴槍頻繁,並造成人員傷亡。包括假導遊和官員索賄在內的詐騙行為相當普遍。示威活動頻繁,並可能迅速演變成暴力事件,安全部隊動用了催淚瓦斯、水砲和實彈。可見的安全存在提供了一定的威懾作用,但警方往往無法取得正面成果。邊境地區以及用紅白膠帶標記的農村地區仍然留有未爆炸的彈藥和地雷。
極端暴力
真主黨、哈馬斯、巴勒斯坦伊斯蘭聖戰組織和 ISIS 等恐怖組織在黎巴嫩活動。攻擊可能隨時發生,幾乎沒有任何預警,目標是旅遊景點、交通樞紐、市場、購物中心和政府設施。近年來,恐怖攻擊曾造成旁觀者死亡。 2023 年 10 月至 2024 年 11 月停火期間,以色列的攻擊在黎巴嫩造成 3,961 多人死亡,其中包括 736 名婦女、222 名醫務和救援人員以及 248 名兒童。自 2023 年 10 月以來,真主黨和以色列之間一直發生跨境交火,有時目標是邊境地區以北很遠的地區。儘管停火,一些地區的軍事活動仍在繼續。巴勒斯坦難民營基本上仍在黎巴嫩安全部隊控制之外,由於武裝份子招募和恐怖分子滲透,難民營構成安全威脅。難民營經常爆發暴力事件,包括槍擊和爆炸。包括真主黨在內的武裝組織擁有不受國家控制的武器。武器在黎巴嫩各地很常見。黎巴嫩安全部隊進行反恐行動,但各部門之間的合作仍不一致。 ISIS 組織策劃了包括駕車槍擊在內的攻擊。敵對團體、民兵和政治派系之間發生武裝衝突。從黎巴嫩南部向以色列發射火箭。發生了多起尚未偵破的政治殺戮事件。宗派緊張局勢持續高漲,可能引發暴力事件。參與毒品種植和走私的犯罪集團在貝卡谷地部分地區活動,並與安全部隊發生武裝衝突。
政治動盪
由於經濟崩潰、政治癱瘓和缺乏基本服務,黎巴嫩頻繁爆發示威和抗議活動。抗議活動於 2019 年 10 月爆發,要求徹底改變政權,並斷斷續續地持續到 2025 年。示威活動可能在幾乎沒有任何預兆的情況下迅速演變成暴力事件。安全部隊在衝突中使用了催淚瓦斯、水砲、橡皮子彈和實彈。大規模學生抗議學費上漲和經濟狀況。抗議者經常封鎖主要道路,包括通往機場和美國大使館的通道。 2021 年 1 月,的黎波里在封鎖抗議期間發生衝突,造成 8 人受傷。 2021 年 10 月,真主黨、阿邁勒運動和黎巴嫩力量在貝魯特發生武裝衝突,造成 7 人死亡,32 人受傷。不同宗教團體和派別之間的宗派和政治緊張局勢依然嚴重。 《塔伊夫協議》中規定的黎巴嫩宗派政治制度造成了摩擦。始於2019年的經濟危機引發了大規模抗議活動,抗議始於1975年以來的停電、飲用水短缺、2015年的垃圾危機、貨幣崩潰以及銀行帳戶凍結。自2022年以來,該國一直未能選出總統,留下了政治真空。政府失靈和腐敗加劇了公眾的憤怒。 2023年6月,議員們第十二次選舉總統失利後,抗議活動爆發。政治官員因批評而面臨誹謗訴訟。批評真主黨或政治人物的記者將面臨人身攻擊和法律訴訟。隨著地區事件引發包括慶祝性槍擊和示威在內的反應,局勢可能在不知不覺中惡化。
應避免的區域
儘管停火,但軍事活動仍在繼續,請避開賽伊達市以南的所有地區,包括黎巴嫩南部和納巴提耶省。黎敘邊境和阿卡爾省面臨黎巴嫩安全部隊與敘利亞武裝團體的衝突以及空襲。貝卡谷地和巴勒貝克-赫爾梅爾地區因民兵活動、恐怖主義風險、毒品暴力事件、涉毒犯罪團夥以及通往巴勒貝克的高速公路上的武裝車輛盜竊行為而成為禁區。自 2024 年 2 月以來,以色列空襲襲擊了包括巴勒貝克在內的貝卡谷地。 2025 年 1 月,黎巴嫩和敘利亞武裝團體在赫爾梅爾附近發生了致命的武裝衝突。由於宗派緊張、武裝團體、不穩定和零星暴力事件,的黎波里仍然不安全。的黎波里市經常經歷武裝衝突和反恐行動。貝魯特南郊達希耶、布爾吉·埃爾巴拉吉納、奇亞、哈達斯和沙蒂拉等地由真主黨等武裝派別控制,以綁架、組織犯罪和衝突頻繁而聞名。包括艾因希勒韋在內的全國各地巴勒斯坦難民營仍高度動盪,槍擊和爆炸等暴力事件時有發生。難民定居點容易爆發暴力事件。 2023年9月,艾因希勒韋發生的激烈暴力事件造成人員傷亡,子彈射入附近城鎮。請避免在真主黨控制區(包括貝魯特南郊、貝卡谷地和黎巴嫩南部)拍照,否則可能會造成人員拘留。敘利亞邊境地區存在未爆彈和地雷。