South Sudan

South Sudan的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission, and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.

狂犬病疫苗

Pre-travel vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) and who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Persons with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.

腦膜炎疫苗

Because this country is located in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt, vaccination against meningitis is recommended if travelling during the dry season (December to June).

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

黃熱病疫苗

This country requires all persons to have proof of the yellow fever vaccination if arriving from a country where yellow fever occurs.

South Sudan的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Recommended anti-malaria medications include atovaquone-proguanil, mefloquine or doxycycline. Resistance to chloroquine is widespread.

South Sudan要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Dengue Fever

Outbreaks of dengue fever may occur.

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in South Sudan.

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in South Sudan through contaminated food or water.

Cholera

Cholera outbreaks occur in South Sudan. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever has occurred in this country.

對於一些旅行者

Malaria

There is a high risk of malaria in South Sudan.

West Nile Fever

The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Sporadic outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) may occur in this country. Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.

Monkeypox

There is a risk of mpox in the country. The disease can be caused by being scratched or bitten by an infected animal (a rodent or primate), or touching animal products, including skins and meat and being near an infected person who is coughing or sneezing.

Ebola Viral Disease

There is a risk of ebola in this country. Ebola is caused by coming into contact with the body fluids from an infected person (alive or dead), such as blood, urine, saliva, and sweat, among others. Medical equipment contaminated with the boly fluids of an infected person or a person who died of Ebola or Marburg also cause the disease.

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in this country through sand fly bites, particularly between dusk to dawn. Adventure tourists, outdoor athletes, or humanitarian aid workers are at a higher risk.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in this country through specific insect, bug or tick bites or by coming in close contact with a person or animal infected with this disease. Travellers involved in activities like hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas are at a higher risk. There are no vaccinations (or medications) to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease may occur in this country. Ticks that cause this disease are usually most active from November through April. Travellers engaging in outdoor activities such as camping, hiking, and game hunting in wooded, brushy, or grassy areas may be at a higher risk.

Schistosomiasis

There is a very low risk of schistosomiasis in this country. It can be acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk.

Measles

There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.

Yellow Fever

There is a risk of yellow fever transmission in all areas of this country. This country requires all persons to have proof of the yellow fever vaccination if arriving from a country where yellow fever occurs.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 1)

There is an increased risk for travellers spending a lot of time outdoors or visiting game parks. Travellers to urban areas are not at risk.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in South Sudan, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in South Sudan. Travellers to South Sudan are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Meningitis

Meningitis outbreaks may occur in South Sudan. Travellers who visit during the dry season (December to June) or expect to have prolonged contact with the local population are especially at risk.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in the South Sudan. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

South Sudan中的安全性

人身安全

南蘇丹面臨極高的人身安全風險。包括劫車、槍擊、伏擊、攻擊、搶劫和綁架在內的暴力犯罪在全國各地頻頻發生，首都朱巴也不例外。政府軍與反對派之間的武裝衝突持續不斷，戰鬥爆發迅速且難以預測。截至2025年初，南蘇丹人民國防軍與反對派民兵在上尼羅州和西赤道州的衝突愈演愈烈，造成數百名平民傷亡。朱巴及其周邊地區經常出現由士兵或武裝人員管理的安全檢查站，尤其是在天黑之後。這些檢查站的武裝人員向司機勒索錢財，並虐待民眾，尤其是婦女。個人或團體騎著摩托車駕車搶劫的情況時有發生。全國各地的族群間暴力事件時有發生，往往與搶劫牲畜和土地糾紛有關。 2024年記錄了1000多起暴力事件，影響了3600多名平民，造成1561人死亡，1299人受傷。外國人成為強姦、性侵犯、武裝搶劫和暴力犯罪的受害者。該國一直是援助工作者面臨的最危險地區之一。在曾經發生過激烈戰鬥的地區，尤其是在朱巴以外，地雷和未爆彈藥仍然是一個隱憂。大多數存在未爆武器的地區都已標記並設置了路標，但在偏遠地區仍存在一些小規模、未確定的危險區域。不建議天黑後出遊。公共場所攝影受到嚴格控制，需獲得資訊部的授權。在政府大樓、軍事設施、橋樑、機場和加油站附近拍照可能會造成嚴重後果。便衣公安人員在朱巴全境乃至全國巡邏。

極端暴力

南蘇丹普遍存在極端暴力事件，平民深受其害。 2025年1月至3月期間，有紀錄的事件顯示，平民受害者人數創下2020年以來單季最高紀錄，暴力事件增加了34%，平民死亡人數增加了110%。南蘇丹特派團記錄了312起與衝突相關的暴力事件，影響了1,607名平民，其中739人死亡，679人受傷，149人被綁架，40人遭受性暴力。不同政治和族裔群體之間的武裝衝突仍在持續，民眾可輕易取得武器。搶劫牲畜的事件在全國各地發生，並經常引發暴力事件。與衝突相關的性暴力仍然普遍存在。 2024年，157起衝突相關性暴力事件影響了183名9至65歲的倖存者（113名婦女、66名女孩和4名男子）。武裝團體實施強姦和性暴力，破壞財產，洗劫村莊，並招募兒童入伍。政府安全部隊和反對派涉嫌嚴重侵犯人權行為，包括非法殺戮、綁架和性暴力。 2024年，武裝衝突中至少發生了84起針對68名兒童的嚴重侵犯人權行為，包括招募和使用兒童兵。在政府軍的支持下，武裝青年民兵襲擊了反對派控制區的平民，導致大規模流離失所、殺戮和強暴。瓊萊州洛烏努埃爾族和穆爾勒族之間與報復性殺戮和搶牛有關的暴力事件已導致數百人死亡。武裝團體和政府軍繼續襲擊援助行動，搶劫人道資產，並騷擾救援人員。該國仍是援助人員罹難人數最多的國家，光是2023年就有24人喪生。無論是政府還是反對派，都沒有追究肇事者過去或現在暴行的責任。

政治動盪

自 2025 年初以來，政治緊張局勢和安全狀況顯著惡化，脆弱的和平進程面臨風險。 1 月，政府軍與反對派民兵的衝突在西赤道州爆發，2 月在上尼羅州愈演愈烈。 2025 年 3 月 4 日，與反對派有聯繫的民兵佔領了埃塞俄比亞邊境附近主要城鎮納西爾的一個軍事基地。隨後，多名反對派領袖和副總統里克·馬沙爾的盟友被捕，馬沙爾本人實際上被軟禁，他的住所被軍隊包圍。 2025 年 1 月，包括朱巴市部分地區在內的主要城鎮發生了零星槍聲和搶劫事件。 1 月 16 日至 17 日，在顯示南蘇丹公民在蘇丹被殺害的影片曝光後，爆發了暴力抗議活動，導致報復性襲擊，造成 16 名蘇丹國民在南蘇丹死亡。當局於 1 月 17 日至 27 日在全國實施宵禁。 2025 年 1 月發生騷亂後，社群媒體被封鎖 30 至 90 天。過渡期從 2025 年 2 月延長至 2027 年 2 月，原定於 2024 年 12 月舉行的選舉延至 2026 年 12 月。 2018 年和平協議仍然脆弱，實施一再拖延，延長了政治不確定性並加深了各方之間的不信任。 2024 年 7 月，國家安全局被授予廣泛權力，允許該機構無需逮捕令即可逮捕和拘留人員，這被用來限制言論、結社和和平集會自由。 2024 年，在蘇丹戰鬥中，喀土穆附近主要石油出口管道破裂，南蘇丹政府陷入財政危機，損失了三分之二的國家收入。超過 930 萬人（佔總人口的三分之二以上）需要人道援助。該國面臨高通膨、高昂的生活成本和不斷貶值的英鎊。

應避免的區域

自2025年3月以來，上尼羅州經歷了激烈的戰鬥，包括空襲以及政府軍與反對派民兵之間的衝突。政府下令撤離上尼羅州納西爾縣，軍方可能將任何留在該地區的人視為戰鬥人員。南蘇丹人民國防軍與白軍民兵的衝突加劇，2025年2月14日，納西爾市場發生攻擊，造成至少21人死亡，數千人流離失所。由於武裝衝突和部落間暴力事件，團結州仍然極度危險。該地區發生了武裝青年民兵和政府軍對平民的攻擊，導致流離失所、殺戮和強姦。瓊萊州因土地所有權和偷牛而頻繁發生部落間暴力事件，引發綁架和報復性攻擊。由於部落間戰鬥，博爾和皮博爾的局勢極為動盪。據報道，衝突已造成數百人死亡，數萬人流離失所。西赤道州的民兵活動增加，尤其是在蒙德里。 2024 年 9 月，反對派團體對政府基地發動聯合攻擊，導致近 3 萬人流離失所。邊境地區尤其危險。與蘇丹接壤的地區（上尼羅河州、團結州、北加扎勒河州和西加扎勒河州）尚未完全劃定，戰鬥激烈，空襲頻繁。與埃塞俄比亞和蘇丹接壤的邊境地區以重裝武裝的部落間戰鬥和任意拘留而聞名。南蘇丹和肯亞邊境地區仍然動盪不安，雙方重裝武裝的年輕人之間發生衝突。與剛果民主共和國和中非共和國的邊界極不穩定，跨境襲擊和綁架風險很高。南蘇丹的三條主要道路變得極度危險，武裝攻擊頻繁發生。