Iran

Iran的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.

脊髓灰質炎疫苗

**There is no risk of polio in this country. However, proof of polio vaccination between 4 weeks and 12 months prior to arrival in Iran is required for travellers of all ages coming from a polio-endemic country (Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan), including transit/layovers. If such a certificate cannot be presented, travellers will receive a dose of polio vaccine at port of entry.**

黃熱病疫苗

A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers 9 months of age and older arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

Iran的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, or mefloquine if visiting the affected provinces. The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends chloroquine plus proguanil. The World Health Organization does not recommend anti-malaria medication.

Iran要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Iran.

Dengue Fever

Although the risk for dengue fever is not well-defined in Iran, outbreaks may occur.

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Iran.

Cholera

Cholera does occur in this country.

對於一些旅行者

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Sporadic outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) may occur in this country.

Measles

There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.

Malaria

There is a risk of malaria March through November in rural areas of Fars Province, Sistan-Baluchestan Province, an southern tropical areas of Hormozgan and Kerman Provinces.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever has occurred in this country.

MERS

There is a risk of acquiring MERS-CoV in this country. Scientists do not fully understand how the MERS virus spreads. It is presumed to be a viral infection transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infected camels or camel-related products. Limited person-to-person transmission through coughing and sneezing from infected persons, typically in healthcare settings, has also been reported. There is currently no vaccine to prevent MERS.

Tuberculosis

Travellers to Iran are at risk for tuberculosis, if visiting ill friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with infected persons.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

West Nile Fever

There is a risk of acquiring West Nile virus in this country.

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in this country through sand fly bites, particularly between dusk to dawn. Adventure tourists, outdoor athletes, or humanitarian aid workers are at a higher risk.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in this country through specific insect, bug or tick bites or by coming in close contact with a person or animal infected with this disease. Travellers involved in activities like hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas are at a higher risk. There are no vaccinations (or medications) to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

Polio

There is no risk of polio in this country. However, proof of polio vaccination may be necessary for some travellers.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Iran, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Schistosomiasis

This disease is present in this country and is acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

Yellow Fever

There is no risk of yellow fever transmission in Iran. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers 9 months of age and older arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Iran中的安全性

人身安全

伊朗的犯罪率呈現混合模式。與許多國家相比，暴力犯罪率仍然相對較低，但近年來財產犯罪明顯增加。搶劫率從 2012 年的每 10 萬人 717 起攀升至 2023 年的 1,100 起，而同期謀殺率從每 10 萬人 2.5 起上升至 3 起以上。扒手、搶錢包和從摩托車上搶包等輕微犯罪在主要城市增加，尤其是在德黑蘭。汽車和摩托車上的竊賊有時會瞄準行人。由於制裁，國際卡在伊朗無法使用，因此您必須攜帶所有現金或提前辦理當地金融卡。存在綁架風險，特別是對於與西方政府有聯繫的人。某些國籍的人，尤其是與英國、美國或加拿大有聯繫的雙重國籍者，面臨被任意拘留的風險。伊朗當局曾以間諜罪和違反國家安全等罪名在未經警告的情況下拘留個人，有時甚至被拘留數年。在軍事設施或政府大樓附近拍照可能導致以間諜罪名被捕。必須隨時攜帶身分證件。阿富汗、巴基斯坦和伊拉克邊境部分地區有嚴重的安全風險，包括盜匪和走私活動。

極端暴力

包括 ISIS 及其相關組織在內的暴力極端組織在伊朗活動，並聲稱對爆炸和襲擊事件負責。旁觀者遭受恐怖主義攻擊的風險依然存在，儘管專門針對外國人的攻擊並不常見。多個西方國家政府指控伊朗情報部門策劃了針對其政權敵人的暗殺、綁架和監視行動，但這些行動通常針對異議人士和特定個人，而非遊客。伊朗與阿富汗和巴基斯坦接壤的邊境地區經常出現武裝團體和走私者的活動。 2023 年至 2024 年，殺害女性的比率上升了近 60%，2024 年上半年有 93 起記錄在案的案件，而 2023 年同期為 55 起。榮譽謀殺時有發生，男性家庭成員有時會殺害女性親屬。家庭暴力仍然是一個嚴重問題，目前沒有法律禁止。伊朗每年處決數百人，光是 2024 年上半年就有 400 多人被處死。死刑適用於毒品犯罪、國家安全指控以及政府認為對伊朗伊斯蘭共和國構成威脅的行為。安全部隊曾對抗議者使用致命武力，在示威活動中造成數百人死亡。

政治動盪

2022 年 9 月，馬赫薩·阿米尼 (Mahsa Amini) 在道德警察拘留期間死亡，引發了大規模抗議活動。抗議活動持續到 2023 年，據獨立消息人士稱，安全部隊拘留了至少 19,200 人，殺害了 500 多人。 2022 年示威活動中至少有 551 名抗議者喪生，這是自 1979 年以來抗議活動中死亡人數最多的一次。安全部隊使用實彈，造成數百人死亡。 2022 年 12 月至 2023 年 5 月期間，有 7 名抗議者被處決。 2023 年有 700 多人被處決，比 2022 年大幅增加。 2023 年的抗議活動總計 3,617 場，退休人員、工人和各行各業的人舉行示威，抗議經濟困難和拖欠工資。伊朗各地仍在繼續小規模的地方抗議活動。安全部隊對示威活動採取嚴厲武力，包括逮捕、毆打和拘留。政府的鎮壓措施包括斷網、監控和恐嚇活動人士。抗議活動可能在毫無徵兆的情況下發生，即使是和平集會也可能演變成暴力事件。旁觀者面臨受傷、被逮捕或拘留的風險。許多被拘留的抗議者報告稱，他們在拘留期間遭受了酷刑和虐待。兒童在示威活動中成為攻擊目標。工人、退休人員和農民經常因工資問題、通貨膨脹和生活條件問題而發起經濟抗議。

應避免的區域

應避開錫斯坦-俾路支省，尤其是距離阿富汗邊境100公里以內的地區。靠近巴基斯坦邊境的東南部地區存在嚴重風險，包括綁架、盜匪和武裝走私活動。兩伊邊境10公里以內的地區極為危險，但北部庫德族邊境地區仍有旅客頻繁過境。夜間在邊境地區旅行尤其危險。全國各地都有軍事和核設施，但並非總是有清晰的標誌。在這些設施附近拍照或接近這些設施可能會導致以間諜罪被捕。東南部城市邊境和通往巴基斯坦的路線存在針對外國人的犯罪團夥活動。在政治緊張時期，尤其是在德黑蘭，應避開市中心的示威區。抗議活動可能因政治發展或經濟狀況而突然爆發。俾路支省曾經歷宗派緊張局勢，但近年來情況有所改善。農村地區的基礎設施可能較落後，緊急服務也有限。邊境口岸可能會在未經通知的情況下關閉。