Ghana

Ghana的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission, and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

腦膜炎疫苗

Vaccination against meningitis is recommended if travelling in Ghana during the dry season, November to March.

黃熱病疫苗

A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for all travellers 9 months of age and older.

脊髓灰質炎疫苗

A single lifetime booster dose of Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) is recommended for adults who received the routine polio vaccination series as children.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

One dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) is recommended to infants 6 to 11 months prior to international travel.

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

A BCG vaccine is recommended for all unvaccinated adults and children under 16 years of age, staying in the country for more than 3 months. A tuberculin skin test is required prior to administering vaccination for all children from 6 years of age.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities, rural areas, or staying with friends and family.

Ghana的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Anti-malaria medication is recommended for travellers going to Ghana. Recommended medications are atovaquone/proguanil, doxycycline, or mefloquine. Anti-malaria drug resistance for chloroquine is present.

Ghana要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for hepatitis B virus exposure in Ghana.

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Ghana.

Cholera

There is a low risk for cholera, but outbreaks of cholera may occur in Ghana.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever may occur in this country.

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever may occur in this country.

對於一些旅行者

Zika Fever

There is an increased risk of this disease in this country.

Measles

There is a risk of exposure to measles in the country.

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in the country. The infection is transmitted by the bite of infected phlebotomine sandfly.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring hantavirus in Ghana through contaminated food or by coming into contact with someone infected with the virus.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease may occur in the country.

Meningitis

Outbreaks of meningitis may occur in Ghana during the dry season (November to March).

West Nile Fever

The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring the Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever in Ghana.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 1)

African trypanosomiasis (“sleeping sickness”) occurs in this country. Symptoms include fatigue, high fever, headaches, and muscle aches. If not treated, the disease can cause death.

Lassa Fever

There is a risk of acquiring Lassa fever in this country. The disease is caused through breathing in unsafe air, eating contaminated food with droppings of infected rats.

Polio

There is a risk of acquiring Polio in the country and is transmitted from one person to another when droplets from a sneeze or cough of an infected person gets into the mouth of another person.

Yellow Fever

There is a risk of yellow fever transmission in Ghana. A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for all travellers 9 months of age and older.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in this country. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Ghana, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where water and food may not be safe.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Malaria

Malaria risk exists throughout the year in the entire country.

Schistosomiasis

This disease is present in this country and is acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

Ghana中的安全性

人身安全

自2021年以來，犯罪率持續攀升，暴力事件不僅波及本地人，也波及外國人。劫車、持械搶劫和行兇搶劫事件頻繁，尤其是在阿克拉、庫馬西和塔科拉迪等城市地區的夜間。搶劫通常涉及武器，不服從命令的受害者將面臨嚴重攻擊。扒手和搶包等街頭犯罪常發生在擁擠的市場、海灘和旅遊景點。避免在天黑後前往主要城鎮以外的地區，因為犯罪者會設置路障攔截車輛。據報道，阿克拉-特馬和阿克拉-庫馬西-塔馬利高速公路上發生了武裝襲擊事件。針對外國人居住的富裕地區的入室盜竊案件增加，有些案件甚至升級為綁架。目前，在阿克拉、塔科拉迪和庫馬西，綁架勒索的情況時有發生，主要針對的是外國人。犯罪者有時會製造輕微交通事故，迫使車輛停下，然後再搶劫車內人員。如果您的車輛被撞，請立即前往最近的警察局，而不是停車。海灘有竊盜風險，旅遊區也曾發生性侵事件。切勿獨自前往海灘。科託卡國際機場偶爾會發生行李和證件竊盜事件。請僅接受身穿制服並持有附照片身分證件的工作人員的協助。各類計程車，包括持照計程車、Tro Tro 計程車和基於應用程式的計程車，均有發生犯罪事件的通報。出發前請檢查駕駛員身分證件和車輛狀況。盡可能在白天出行。

極端暴力

加納自 1945 年以來沒有發生過大規模屠殺，2022 年的恐怖活動記錄為零。該國在全球和平指數中排名第 97 位（共 166 個國家），得分為 1.8。然而，包括「支持伊斯蘭與穆斯林聯盟」和「伊斯蘭國」在內的恐怖組織在加納北部邊境附近的鄰國布吉納法索開展活動。 「支持伊斯蘭與穆斯林聯盟」經常在靠近加納邊境的布吉納法索南部發動攻擊。北部邊境地區發生恐怖攻擊的風險較高。武裝匪徒將外國人作為目標的上西區和上東區綁架風險更高。 2019 年至 2019 年年中，約有 2,000 名移民為躲避極端主義襲擊而從布吉納法索、馬利和尼日爾逃往加納北部，導致綁架和綁架勒索事件激增。雖然加納本身尚未成為極端主義攻擊的目標，但與巴烏庫酋長衝突相關的部落間暴力事件可能為暴力極端主義團體在北部邊境地區擴大活動創造機會。 2022年1月至6月，62.8%的暴力犯罪使用了槍枝。加納估計有230萬件小型武器在流通，其中110萬件為非法持有。該國透過社區參與、邊境技術、機構間培訓和情報行動維護了安全。

政治動盪

抗議和示威活動在阿克拉及各大城市頻頻發生，通常是為了回應經濟問題、政治擔憂或治理失敗。 2023年，共記錄了161起騷亂事件，為近年來最高。雖然示威活動通常較為和平，但隨時可能演變成暴力衝突。 2024年9月，警方拘留了54名來自「民主中心」組織的抗議者，抗議非法採礦，引發民眾強烈抗議，並指責其執法過當。過去，政府對抗議活動的回應往往是暴力的。酋長糾紛和政治緊張局勢有時會導致局部暴力和內亂。這些衝突最常發生在上東部、上西部和沃爾特地區。 2024年8月，科特迪瓦和布吉納法索邊境附近的西部薩凡納地區爆發部落衝突，造成死亡和社區流離失所。巴烏庫酋長衝突持續影響加納北部地區。在動亂時期，地方當局可能會實施宵禁。加納目前已實施多起宵禁。抗議活動可能導致交通中斷，並限制出行。自從納西亞-瓦萊瓦萊-博爾加坦加公路和博爾加坦加-澤比利亞-巴烏庫公路發生襲擊以來，許多旅客現在都安排了警察護送。如果遇到示威活動，請立即離開該地區。請勿試圖觀看或拍攝騷亂現場。

應避免的區域

由於暴力事件頻繁，請避開上東部地區的巴烏庫市政區。請重新考慮前往與布吉納法索和科特迪瓦接壤的上東部地區、上西部地區、東北地區和薩凡納地區西部（N12高速公路以西的所有地區）。這些地區面臨內亂、犯罪和恐怖攻擊風險。上西部和上東部地區涉及客車的暴力事件和劫匪行為增加，造成人員傷亡。 2025年1月，不明身分的槍手在瓦萊瓦萊-博爾加坦加高速公路上襲擊了一輛客車，造成多人受傷。上西部、上東部和北部地區在3月至11月的雨季期間會遭遇洪水，這可能會阻礙交通並減少基本服務。在阿克拉，大阿克拉地區的幾個街區都發生過暴力事件。請避免夜間前往這些地區。阿克拉的部分道路有劫車風險，包括Graphic路、喬治沃克布希高速公路和拉巴迪海灘周圍的道路。塔馬利-瓦路和金坦波-塔馬利高速公路的搶劫案增加。天黑後，城際公路經常發生武裝攻擊。由於部落間糾紛和恐怖活動，在距離布吉納法索邊境25公里以內，請避免非必要出行。