Somalia

Somalia的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission, and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.

脊髓灰質炎疫苗

Travellers who intend to visit this country for 4 weeks or more may be required to show proof of polio vaccination taken 4 weeks to 12 months prior to arrival in the country. Failure to produce this documentation may result in vaccination at the entry ports. Childhood vaccinations, including polio, should be up-to-date prior to travel.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

黃熱病疫苗

**Vaccination is generally not recommended for travel to the following regions: Bakool, Banaadir, Bay, Gado, Galgadud, Hiran, Lower Juba, Middle Juba, Lower Shabelle and Middle Shabelle. Vaccination may be considered for a small subset of travellers (aged 9 months to less than 60 years of age) to some areas who are at increased risk because of prolonged travel or heavy exposure to mosquito bites. Vaccination is not recommended for all other areas not listed above.**

Somalia的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Chloroquine resistance is widespread. The recommended anti-malaria medication is mefloquine, doxycycline or atovaquone/proguanil.

Somalia要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure through contaminated food or water in Somalia.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever may occur in this country.

Cholera

Cholera outbreaks occur in Somalia. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Somalia.

Dengue Fever

Outbreaks of dengue fever may occur.

對於一些旅行者

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever in this country.

Measles

There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.

Yellow Fever

There is a low risk of yellow fever transmission in some areas of Somalia.

Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis is found in this country. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in this country through sand fly bites, particularly between dusk to dawn. Adventure tourists, outdoor athletes, or humanitarian aid workers are at a higher risk.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease may occur in this country. Ticks that cause this disease are usually most active from November through April. Travellers engaging in outdoor activities such as camping, hiking, and game hunting in wooded, brushy, or grassy areas may be at a higher risk.

West Nile Fever

The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 1)

African trypanosomiasis occurs in this country. Travellers to urban areas are not at risk.

Polio

Vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) was detected in this country, with the potential risk of global circulation. Unvaccinated or under-vaccinated travellers are at a higher risk if they come in direct contact with an infected person or through contaminated food and water, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas with poor hygiene standards.

Malaria

There is a high risk of malaria in Somalia.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Somalia, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in Somalia. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Rabies

Rabies has been reported in domestic and wild animals in Somalia. Bats may carry rabies-like viruses. Rabies transmission may occur following contact with the saliva of an infected domestic animal or bat (via bites or scratches or saliva contact with mucous membranes). Bites from bats are frequently unrecognised. The risk of exposure is increased by the type of activity (e.g. running, cycling), occupation (e.g. veterinarians) and for those staying in this country for long periods.

Somalia中的安全性

人身安全

對於商務旅客和遊客來說，索馬利亞仍然是最危險的國家之一。綁架和謀殺等暴力犯罪在索馬利亞各地頻繁。 2023年4月至2025年7月期間，研究人員記錄了索馬利亞各地發生的7,269起安全事件，其中下謝貝利州、貝納迪爾州和拜州最為嚴重。包括索馬利蘭和邦特蘭在內的所有地區的綁架風險都很高。恐怖組織和犯罪組織都將外國人視為合法攻擊目標。青年黨武裝分子控制檢查站，執行稅收制度，並在廣大地區維持平行的治理結構。該組織擁有7000至12,000名成員，儘管政府持續發動攻勢，他們仍繼續發動攻擊。各種武裝團體設置的非法路障隨處可見，使旅客面臨搶劫、勒索、騷擾和暴力的風險。醫療設施極為有限，農村地區往往沒有醫療設施。醫療系統缺乏足夠的藥品、醫療用品和專業人員。任何需要就醫的人都需要撤離國外，這不僅費用昂貴，而且安排起來也很困難。外國政府提供的領事援助極為有限，甚至無法取得。

極端暴力

青年黨仍然是索馬利亞極端暴力事件的主要威脅。該恐怖組織使用簡易爆炸裝置、自殺式炸彈攻擊、砲擊和定點清除等手段發動攻擊，導致2024年數百名平民傷亡。 2024年8月2日，該組織襲擊了摩加迪沙的利多海灘，造成50多名平民死亡，200多人受傷。 2025年3月，青年黨企圖透過路邊炸彈攻擊暗殺總統，造成16人死亡。 2025年4月，摩加迪沙國際機場遭受多起火箭攻擊。該組織頻繁使用車載簡易爆炸裝置攻擊政府軍和平民目標。攻擊手段包括汽車炸彈、自殺式炸彈攻擊、個人攻擊和火箭攻擊。暴力事件和爆炸攻擊可能隨時在索馬利亞的任何地方發生，且沒有任何預警。索馬利亞伊斯蘭國（伊斯蘭國）已擴大在邦特蘭的勢力，由於外國武裝分子的湧入，該組織的規模翻了一番，達到600至700名武裝分子。該組織已展現出其全球影響力，構成日益嚴重的威脅。部落衝突也加劇了極端暴力事件，在2023年4月至2025年3月期間造成超過1,200人死亡，尤其是在蓋多州、拜州和穆杜格州。青年黨在其控制區使用處決作為懲罰，通常是在經過不公正的審判之後。青年黨和政府軍都對婦女和女孩實施了性暴力。

政治動盪

索馬利亞的政治局勢依然高度緊張且四分五裂。聯邦政府與各成員國之間的關係緊張，在憲法審查程序、選舉制度和資源分配等議題上存在重大爭議。抗議和示威活動在索馬利亞各地爆發，並可能在毫無預兆的情況下演變成暴力事件。 2023年6月，在邦特蘭首府加羅韋，安全部隊與武裝反對派團體因投票制度改革發生衝突，造成至少26人死亡。 2024年底，聯邦政府與朱巴蘭之間的緊張局勢升級，導致聯邦與地區部隊發生武裝對抗。 2023年2月，索馬利蘭安全部隊與杜爾巴漢特部落附屬部隊爆發戰鬥，造成超過15萬人流離失所。衝突源自於拉斯阿諾德地區的爭端。政治暴力可能在人們聚集的公共場所爆發。定於2026年舉行的選舉已經引發了政府與反對派團體之間的政治爭論和緊張局勢。安全局勢依然動盪，流離失所現象將持續到2025年，政治分裂、武裝團體的攻勢以及氣候相關衝擊加劇了這一情況。衣索比亞與索馬利蘭簽署諒解備忘錄後，兩國緊張局勢升級，但2024年12月的調解努力促成了旨在緩和緊張局勢的《安卡拉宣言》。

應避免的區域

風險最高的地區包括下謝貝利、貝納迪爾和拜州，這些地區在 2023 年 4 月至 2025 年 7 月期間發生的安全事件最多。索馬利中南部是恐怖活動最激烈的地區，青年黨牢牢控制著全國南部一半的農村地區。摩加迪沙儘管是首都，卻頻繁遭受攻擊，包括簡易爆炸裝置爆炸、自殺式爆炸和火箭攻擊。最近的攻擊目標是麗都海灘、貝萊德文的開羅酒店和 Top 咖啡餐廳。中謝貝利地區青年黨與索馬利亞安全部隊之間的衝突顯著增加。與肯亞和衣索比亞接壤的邊境地區有很高的風險，包括綁架和跨境武裝活動。與肯亞的陸地邊界仍然關閉。蓋多地區部落衝突持續不斷，聯邦和區域部隊之間關係緊張。由於伊斯蘭國-索馬利亞不斷擴大的存在和活動，邦特蘭的巴里地區尤其危險。索馬利蘭與邦特蘭邊境的薩那格和蘇勒地區部落衝突不斷。難民營和流離失所者安置點人滿為患，糧食和醫療衛生安全堪憂，導致犯罪率上升。青年黨控制的地區實施嚴格的伊斯蘭教法，並施以嚴厲的懲罰。摩加迪沙國際機場綜合體仍然是迫擊砲、火箭彈和小型武器攻擊的目標。沿海水域和亞丁灣有海盜風險，海盜襲擊距離海岸最遠1000海浬的船隻。