Bhutan
關於Bhutan
| 貨幣 | Bhutanese ngultrum (BTN) |
| 語言 | Dzongkha |
| 資本金 | Thimphu |
The Kingdom of Bhutan is a remote country in the Himalayan Mountains between China and India. The population is about 734,000 people. In 1907 Bhutan became a unified kingdom with its first hereditary king and civil law based on Buddhist religious law. The government is a constitutional monarchy with the king as chief of state and a prime minister as head of state. Since the early 2000s, there has been a gradual transition from autocratic rule to a more modern democratic government that includes a constitution, parliament, and two-party system. The Bhutanese name for Bhutan, Druk Yul, means “Land of the Thunder Dragon.”
In its early history, Bhutan was influenced and guided by Britain, which was also responsible for defense and foreign relations. Bhutan was almost completely isolated for centuries. Since the 1970s, the country has opened up somewhat to the outside world, but it still values and goes to great lengths to protect its ancient culture and traditions. For example, there is a traditional national dress that is compulsory in the workplace and at official or religious functions. The national dress is a knee-length wrap-around “gho” for men and an ankle-length dress known as the “kira” for women.
Bhutan strictly controls tourism. Travellers must visit the country with a guided tour or pre-arranged travel package. It is well-known that the monarchy promotes the concept of “Gross National Happiness” (GNH), which is a philosophy that strives to achieve a balance between the spiritual and the material worlds.
Bhutan的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
對於一些旅行者
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) and who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗
A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.
卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗
BCG vaccine is recommended for those at increased risk from coming in close contact with infected persons or for unvaccinated, children under 16 years of age, who are going to live in Bhutan for more than 3 months.
傷寒疫苗
There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.
日本腦炎疫苗
Vaccination against Japanese encephalitis is recommended for long-term travellers and expatriates and for or travellers who visit or work in rural agricultural areas such as rice fields and marshland, especially during the transmission season from June to December. Short-term travellers and those who restrict their visits to urban areas are at very low risk.
霍亂疫苗
The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions.
Bhutan的推薦藥物
對於一些旅行者
抗瘧藥
The recommended anti-malarial medication for the at-risk districts is atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, or mefloquine. Resistance to chloroquine occurs.
Bhutan要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Hepatitis B
There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Bhutan.
Hepatitis A
There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Bhutan through contaminated food or water. Infection can still occur at tourist destinations and resorts.
Dengue Fever
Outbreaks of dengue fever may occur.
Cholera
Cholera outbreaks can occur in Bhutan.
對於一些旅行者
Measles
There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.
Hanta Virus
There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.
Malaria
There is a **low** risk of malaria in the southern districts of **Chukha, Geyleg-phug, Samchi, Samdrup Jonkhar and Shemgang.** There is low to no risk in the rest of Bhutan.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis occurs in Bhutan. Travellers to Bhutan are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.
Typhoid Fever
Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Bhutan, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.
Rabies
Rabies occurs in Bhutan. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.
Japanese encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis occurs in this country. There is no data regarding affected areas, but southern border regions with India may be a risk. The transmission season is thought to be **June** to December. Short-term travellers and those who restrict their visits to urban areas are at very low risk. Those at higher risk are travellers who visit or work in rural agricultural areas, such as rice fields and marshland. Long-term travellers and expatriates are also at higher risk.
Bhutan中的安全性
人身安全
根據 2024 年全球和平指數，不丹是南亞最安全的國家之一，也是全球第 21 個最和平的國家。 2024 年，不丹通報的犯罪案件總數為 2,153 起，低於 2023 年的 2,352 起。暴力犯罪極為罕見，每 10 萬人中僅有 2 起兇殺案。扒手和搶包等輕微犯罪在廷布和帕羅等城市中心偶爾發生，但並不常見。在繁忙的旅遊區，可能會出現收費過高和誤導性旅遊產品。不丹的低犯罪率反映了其佛教價值觀和對國民幸福總值的重視。大多數遊客與持證導遊和司機一起旅行，這大大增強了人身安全。針對遊客的犯罪很少見。吸毒和與毒品有關的犯罪極少。針對遊客的詐騙不如鄰國常見，但仍然存在，特別是涉及假旅行社或假冒商品。政府的高價值、低數量的旅遊政策，加上社區驅動的安全計畫和嚴格的執法，為遊客創造了一個安全的環境。
極端暴力
不丹的暴力犯罪極為罕見。該國每年平均有21起兇殺案發生在全國人口中。人身攻擊、仇恨犯罪和騷擾幾乎不存在。歷史上的安全威脅來自於21世紀初在邊境地區非法紮營的印度叛亂組織。這些組織參與了與印度接壤邊境地區的綁架事件。 2003年12月，不丹皇家軍隊發動了摧毀恐怖分子營地的行動。也曾發生過一些孤立事件，包括2004年在格勒普發生的造成兩人死亡的爆炸事件，以及2008年造成四名護林員死亡的攻擊事件。然而，近期並沒有發生影響遊客的恐怖主義事件。目前的恐怖主義風險被認為非常低，任何潛在威脅都局限於旅行社避開的偏遠邊境地區。該國的佛教哲學和對非暴力的重視使暴力犯罪率極低。遊客捲入任何暴力事件的可能性極小。
政治動盪
不丹是一個君主立憲制國家，其民主制度已鞏固，擁有可信的選舉，並定期向反對黨移交權力。該國於2023年底和2024年初舉行了議會選舉，展現出強勁的多黨競爭。從文化角度來看，公開示威活動並不常見，需要政府許可，但有時許可會被拒絕。目前有32人因1990年代和1910年代與尼泊爾語洛昌帕少數民族局勢相關的抗議活動而被判處長期監禁。這些被拘留者因恐怖主義和國家安全罪被定罪。聯合國專家和人權組織批評政府關押這些政治犯以及限制集會自由。公開抗議和大型集會可能會引發爭議，但這很少影響遊客。宵禁和對示威地點的限制限制了集會權利。該國嚴格禁止批評國王，一些遊客因在社群媒體上評論當地或政治事件而被捕。致力於尼泊爾族裔議題的民間團體不被允許開展活動。儘管有這些限制，但政治穩定性仍然很高，影響遊客的日常政治動盪幾乎不存在。旅遊業的體制使得大多數行程都需要導遊，這進一步將遊客與政治活動隔離。
應避免的區域
應避開與印度和中國接壤的偏遠邊境地區。邊境地區歷史上曾發生叛亂活動，儘管目前已基本解決。旅行社不會帶遊客前往這些過去曾發生安全事件的偏遠地區。軍事區和某些聖山地區對所有遊客完全禁止進入。禁止攀登岡卡爾·普恩蘇姆峰等山峰。某些邊境敏感地區需要事先獲得安全許可。在6月至9月的季風季節，許多道路因山崩和洪水而無法通行，尤其影響山區和東側公路沿線的通行。無論是農村還是城市地區，山洪暴發都可能在幾乎沒有預警的情況下發生。中部和南部地區面臨較高的野火風險。不丹部分地區位於活躍的地震斷層帶，主要城市以外的緊急應變能力有限。夜間應避免前往偏僻或光線昏暗的區域。農村地區的緊急服務極少，擁有現代化設施的醫院集中在帕羅和廷布。偏遠的健行地區由於海拔高、醫療後送選擇有限以及距離醫療機構較遠而有風險。只要遵循標準預防措施並跟隨持證導遊旅行，不丹大部分地區對遊客來說仍然是安全的。
