Venezuela

Venezuela的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

BCG vaccine is recommended for those at increased risk from coming in close contact with infected persons or for unvaccinated, children under 16 years of age, who are going to live in the country for more than 3 months.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for infants aged 6 to 11 months.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

黃熱病疫苗

This country requires a certificate of yellow fever vaccination for all travellers over 1 year of age arriving from Brazil, including travellers having transited for more than 12 hours through an airport in Brazil and travellers transiting in Venezuela arriving from Brazil. Yellow fever vaccination is recommended for all travellers 9 months of age and older, except as follows. Generally not recommended for travellers whose itineraries are limited to the entire states of Aragua, Carabobo, Miranda, Vargas and Yaracuy, and the Distrito Federal. Not recommended for travellers whose itineraries are limited to all areas greater than 2300 meters in elevation in the states of Merida, Trujillo, and Tachira; the States of Falcon and Lara; Margarita Island; the capital city of Caracas; and the city of Valencia.

Venezuela的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Recommended anti-malaria medication includes atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline or mefloquine. Anti-malaria drug resistance for chloroquine is present.

Venezuela要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Venezuela through contaminated food or water. Infection can still occur at tourist destinations and resorts.

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever outbreaks occur frequently in Venezuela.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever may occur in Venezuela.

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Venezuela.

對於一些旅行者

West Nile Fever

There is a risk of acquiring West Nile virus in this country.

Tuberculosis

Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the healthcare field, or having close prolonged contact with a sick person.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

Measles

There is a risk of acquiring Measles in this country.

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis occurs in rural Venezuela, particularly in west-central areas and in Aragua State.

Zika Fever

There is transmission of the Zika virus in this country.

Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis can occur in Venezuela. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

Chagas Disease

American trypanosomiasis (“Chagas disease”) occurs in rural Venezuela. The risk of travellers acquiring this disease is low unless staying in very poor quality housing or camping.

Yellow Fever

There is a risk of exposure to yellow fever in Venezuela in limited areas. This country requires a certificate of yellow fever vaccination for all travellers over 1 year of age arriving from Brazil, including travellers having transited for more than 12 hours through an airport in Brazil and travellers transiting in Venezuela arriving from Brazil. Yellow fever vaccination is recommended for all travellers 9 months of age and older, except as follows. Generally not recommended for travellers whose itineraries are limited to the entire states of Aragua, Carabobo, Miranda, Vargas and Yaracuy, and the Distrito Federal. Not recommended for travellers whose itineraries are limited to all areas greater than 2300 meters in elevation in the states of Merida, Trujillo, and Tachira; the States of Falcon and Lara; Margarita Island; the capital city of Caracas; and the city of Valencia.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Venezuela, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Malaria

The US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention considers that there is a general risk of exposure to malaria throughout the country at elevations less than 1,700 meters and Angel Falls. The states of Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro and Sucre are considered very high risk for the transmission of malaria. Anti-malaria medications are recommended.

Venezuela中的安全性

人身安全

委內瑞拉是全球犯罪率最高的國家之一。暴力犯罪，包括兇殺、持械搶劫、綁架和劫車，在全國各地都很常見，但在加拉加斯尤為集中。武裝犯罪者通常攜帶槍支，反抗的受害者可能受傷或死亡。快速綁架事件頻傳，受害者被短暫扣留，直到支付贖金。大多數綁架事件發生在首都地區和機場路線沿線。有組織的犯罪集團在全國範圍內活動，控制著許多城鄉地區的地盤。 2010年後犯罪率大幅上升，但近年來有所下降。據獨立機構稱，2022年至2023年，暴力死亡人數下降了25%，但與鄰國相比，這一比率仍然很高。由於當局於2015年停止公佈官方犯罪統計數據，政府數據不可靠。武裝摩托車團夥經常在交通中活動，並以受害者為目標進行搶劫。委內瑞拉麵臨被安全部隊非法拘留的風險，外國人可能被拘留長達五年而無法獲得領事探視。加拉加斯附近的西蒙·玻利瓦爾國際機場尤其危險，航站內及週邊地區經常發生暴力犯罪。犯罪者會盯上看起來很有錢的乘客，並與外面的劫車者協同行動。請僅在白天往返機場。貧民窟在任何時候都極度危險，應完全避免前往。夜間在全國任何地方出行都不安全。

極端暴力

委內瑞拉遭受來自多個方面的極端暴力。被稱為「巨型幫派」（megabandas）的武裝犯罪集團擁有50多名成員，從事販毒、勒索、綁架和僱傭殺人等活動。十多個巨型幫派在全國範圍內活動，其中一些團夥成員多達300人，並擁有重型武器。包括民族解放軍（ELN）在內的哥倫比亞遊擊隊在委內瑞拉與哥倫比亞、巴西和圭亞那接壤的邊境地區活動。這些團體實施綁架、勒索並控制礦區。 「阿拉瓜河」（Tren de Aragua）幫派起源於委內瑞拉的監獄，並在地區範圍內擴大活動範圍。幫派控制著地盤，並在社區中強加社會規則。被稱為「集體武裝」（colectivos）的武裝團體是隸屬於政府的非正規部隊，對平民和反對派成員實施暴力。 2024年7月總統大選後，至少有24名抗議者和旁觀者在示威活動中喪生。安全部隊和集體武裝被指控參與了這些殺戮。政府安全部隊存在法外處決的情況，國際人權組織記錄了系統性虐待行為。 2022年至2023年間，邊境各州記錄了數十起失蹤和綁架事件，肇事者皆為犯罪組織和武裝團體。近年來，礦區的幫派暴力已造成多人死亡。委內瑞拉當局被指控對被拘留者實施酷刑和殘酷對待。

政治動盪

2024年7月總統大選後，政治動盪急劇加劇。國際觀察員對宣布尼古拉斯·馬杜羅獲勝的選舉結果的有效性提出質疑。大選後一個月內發生了280多起反政府抗議活動，示威活動蔓延至121個城市。加拉加斯和全國各地頻繁發生大規模示威活動，且往往沒有引起任何注意。 2024年7月29日至30日期間，當局記錄了915起抗議活動，其中138起遭到暴力鎮壓。至少有24人在選舉後抗議活動中喪生。安全部隊對示威者使用了催淚瓦斯、橡皮子彈和實彈。大選後幾週內，超過2400人被捕，其中包括100多名兒童。許多被拘留者遭到強迫失踪，家人無法找到他們。政府發起了“敲門行動”，鼓勵公民透過政府應用程式舉報抗議者和批評者。當局以煽動仇恨和恐怖主義等模糊的罪名指控數百人，最高可判處30年徒刑。親政府武裝團體「colectivos」在2024年全年攻擊抗議者。示威活動可能導致道路封鎖和交通中斷。警方和安全部隊已實施殘酷鎮壓，包括對參與者使用暴力。請避開政府大樓周圍和示威活動發生的區域。停電、限電和基本服務短缺隨時可能引發抗議活動。

應避免的區域

加拉加斯尤其危險，首都暴力犯罪猖獗。加拉加斯東部和西部街區極不安全，必須避免前往。佩塔雷是最大的貧民窟之一，犯罪率很高，儘管這裡也發生過一些抗議活動。在距離哥倫比亞邊境20公里以內，敲詐勒索和綁架的風險很高。武裝犯罪集團和哥倫比亞遊擊隊在這些邊境地區活動。阿普雷、亞馬遜、玻利瓦爾、法爾孔、塔奇拉和蘇利亞等邊境州記錄到失蹤和綁架事件發生率很高。委內瑞拉南部的奧裡諾科礦弧區由武裝團體和採礦團夥控制，他們實施暴力和剝削。該地區的土著社區面臨嚴峻的風險。西蒙·玻利瓦爾國際機場及其周邊的邁克蒂亞地區非常危險。犯罪集團在機場內活動以識別目標。夜間在城市之間以及機場與加拉加斯之間旅行尤其不安全。與巴西接壤的邊境地區有販毒和走私活動。農村和偏遠地區犯罪猖獗，缺乏警方保護。武裝團體控制的地區面臨宵禁和暴力強制的行動限制。