Kenya

Kenya的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended. Infants 6 to 11 months old should also be vaccinated against the disease.

對於一些旅行者

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission, and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

黃熱病疫苗

A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers over 1 year of age arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission. Vaccination is not recommended to Nairobi, Mandera, Wajir, and Garissa and/or the counties of the former Coast Provine, as well as the cities if Malindi, Kwale,Lamu, Mombasa, except Taita-Taveta.

脊髓灰質炎疫苗

A single lifetime booster dose of Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) is recommended for adults who received the routine polio vaccination series as children.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

One dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) is recommended to infants 6 to 11 months prior to international travel.

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

A BCG vaccine is recommended for all unvaccinated adults and children under 16 years of age, staying in the country for more than 3 months. A tuberculin skin test is required prior to administering vaccination for all children from 6 years of age.

腦膜炎疫苗

Because this country is located in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt, vaccination against meningitis is recommended if travelling during the dry season (December to March) in northwest Kenya.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through the consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where water and food sources may be contaminated.

Kenya的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

With the exception of Nairobi and highlands above 2,500 meters, there is a risk of exposure to malaria throughout Kenya. Recommended anti-malaria medication includes atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, or mefloquine. Resistance to chloroquine has been reported.

Kenya要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Kenya.

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever outbreaks occur in Kenya, and the risk to travellers is significant.

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Kenya through contaminated food or water. Infection can still occur at tourist destinations and resorts.

Cholera

Cholera may occur in Kenya.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever has occurred in this country.

對於一些旅行者

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring hantavirus in Kenya through contaminated food or by coming into contact with someone infected with the virus

Measles

There is a risk of exposure to measles in the country.

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in the country. The infection is transmitted by the bite of infected phlebotomine sandfly.

Meningitis

Outbreaks of meningitis may occur in Kenya usually during the dry season from December through March.

Yellow Fever

There is a risk of yellow fever transmission in Kenya.

MERS

This is a viral infection transmitted via direct or indirect contact with infected camels/camel-related products. Symptoms include fever, breathing difficulties, and cough that can sometimes lead to severe shortness of breath. MERS-CoV is known to most commonly occur in camel-owning households in Kenya.

West Nile Fever

The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.

Polio

There is a risk of acquiring Polio in the country and is transmitted from one person to another when droplets from a sneeze or cough of an infected person gets into the mouth of another person.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.

Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever

Marburg hemorrhagic fever is caused by touching infected animals or their body fluids ; touching body fluids (blood or sweat) from an infected person or objects contaminated with the body fluids of a person infected with Ebola or Marburg virus.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever in Kenya.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 2)

This disease occurs in Kenya. High-risk areas are Nyanza Province, Western Province, and southwestern Rift Valley Province. Travellers to urban areas are not at risk.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Kenya, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Malaria

All areas including wildlife reserves and parks in Kenya at altitudes below 2,500 meters (<8,202 ft) are at risk for malaria. There is a low risk of transmission in Nairobi and the highlands above 2,500 meters.

Tuberculosis

Travellers to Kenya are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Schistosomiasis

The parasite that causes schistosomiasis is found in Kenya. It is acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease occurs in this country.

Kenya中的安全性

人身安全

暴力犯罪仍然是肯亞各地嚴重關切的問題，尤其是在大城市。在內羅畢、蒙巴薩和基蘇木，搶劫、持械搶劫、劫車和入室盜竊等案件頻繁，包括白天。騎摩托車的竊賊會在人群密集的地方襲擊行人和駕駛者，搶走物品後迅速逃竄。警方有效應對嚴重犯罪的能力有限。犯罪率通常會在聖誕節前的幾週內上升。應避免在一天中的任何時間獨自在偏僻地區行走。示威和罷工很常見，尤其是在內羅畢，而且經常升級為暴力事件。安全部隊在抗議活動中使用了催淚瓦斯、水砲和實彈，造成多人死亡。 2024 年 6 月和 7 月，與 2024 年財政法案相關的抗議活動造成至少 60 人死亡，自 2024 年年中以來，抗議相關暴力事件已造成 120 多人死亡。 2025年6月，在這些抗議活動的周年紀念日，再次爆發衝突，造成至少16人死亡。請避免參加所有政治集會、大型人群聚集和示威活動。密切關注當地媒體，因為情況瞬息萬變。小心酒後被下藥或因飲酒導致甲醇中毒。警察和移民官員經常向外國人索賄。針對遊客的犯罪包括熱門景點的盜竊，據報道，馬賽馬拉和其他野生動物保護區的帳篷內有貴重物品被盜。

極端暴力

恐怖主義仍然是肯亞各地的持續威脅。青年黨經常在肯亞-索馬利亞邊境發動攻擊，主要針對安全部隊，但也造成平民傷亡。該組織在2023年的活動最為活躍，共發生122起攻擊事件，這股勢頭持續到2024年，行動增加。攻擊通常涉及簡易爆炸裝置 (IED)、伏擊以及針對警察和軍事車隊的遙控炸彈。 2023年，曼德拉、加里薩、瓦吉爾和拉穆縣都發生了攻擊事件。 2023年6月13日，一枚簡易爆炸裝置在加里薩縣造成8名警察死亡。 2024年3月，曼德拉鎮的一枚爆炸裝置造成至少4人死亡，其中包括2名警察。 2023年夏季，青年黨被趕出索馬利中部據點後活動愈演愈烈，將行動轉移到肯亞。恐怖攻擊可能在毫無預警的情況下發生，目標是飯店、大使館、餐廳、購物中心、市場、學校、警察局、宗教場所以及其他外國人和遊客經常光顧的場所。 2013 年內羅畢西門購物中心襲擊事件造成 67 人死亡，2015 年加里薩大學襲擊事件造成 148 人死亡。肯亞對伊斯蘭國 (ISIS) 的支持日益增加，並特別針對西方和猶太人發出威脅。恐怖組織綁架在肯亞各地構成高風險，特別是在索馬利亞邊境附近。牧民民兵暴力事件影響肯亞北部，2023 年和 2024 年超過 60% 的事件直接針對平民。少數民族民兵在巴林戈、圖爾卡納、西波科特、馬薩比特和伊西奧洛等縣參與土匪、偷牛以及土地和水資源的領土衝突。

政治動盪

2024 年和 2025 年，肯亞經歷了嚴重的政治動盪，主要原因是青年發起了反對政府政策和腐敗的抗議活動。 2024 年財政法案抗議活動始於 2024 年 6 月，當時政府提議增加基本商品和服務的稅收。示威活動於 2024 年 6 月 18 日和平開始，但在議會於 6 月 19 日通過法案後升級。 2024 年 6 月 25 日，抗議者衝進議會大樓，縱火焚燒部分建築，據肯亞國家人權委員會稱，造成至少 60 人死亡。政府於 6 月 26 日撤回了財政法案，但抗議活動一直持續到 2024 年 8 月。人權組織報告稱，安全部隊在 2024 年全年的抗議活動或拘留期間殺害了至少 65 人。在河流、森林、廢棄採石場和太平間發現了有酷刑跡象的屍體。 2024 年 6 月至 8 月期間，至少發生了 73 起針對抗議領袖的綁架事件，受害者被拘留而沒有合法權利，被關押在森林和廢棄建築等非法設施中，並被禁止與家人和律師見面。 2025 年 6 月，抗議活動恢復，以紀念 2024 年暴力事件週年。 2025 年 6 月 25 日，肯亞 47 個縣中的 27 個縣發生示威活動，造成至少 16 人死亡，約 400 人受傷。 2025 年 6 月 7 日，教師 Albert Ojwang 在基蘇木被警方拘留期間死亡，也引發了 2025 年的抗議活動。全國各地經常發生政治暴力和示威活動，最常見於肯亞西部和內羅畢。抗議者投擲石塊和警察使用包括實彈在內的致命武力的情況很常見。抗議活動常常導致交通中斷、道路封鎖和主要路口關閉。示威活動期間，前往喬莫肯雅塔國際機場的交通可能會受到影響。

應避免的區域

肯亞-索馬利亞邊境地區風險最高。由於恐怖主義和綁架活動頻繁，請勿前往曼德拉、加里薩和瓦吉爾縣。拉穆縣經常遭受青年黨襲擊和綁架事件的襲擊。前往拉穆島和曼達島只能經由拉穆機場搭飛機，切勿走陸路。塔納河縣（察沃國家公園除外）因恐怖主義和綁架風險較高。馬林迪以北向內陸延伸 50 公里的基利菲縣沿海地區面臨恐怖主義和綁架威脅。距離衣索比亞邊境 50 公里（30 英里）以內的馬薩比特縣和圖爾卡納縣部分地區因跨境入侵而變得不安全。西波科特縣和西圖爾卡納縣經常遭受土匪和游牧民兵的武裝襲擊。伊西奧洛縣、桑布魯縣、萊基皮亞縣和巴林戈縣持續面臨民族民兵暴力、偷牛和領土衝突。在內羅畢，由於犯罪率高且綁架事件頻傳，請避開伊斯特利和基貝拉街區。卡薩拉尼和馬薩雷非正式定居點的犯罪率較高，且警力有限。內羅畢市中心，包括河濱路地區、環球電影院、卡姆庫尼和國家檔案館，都是犯罪率較高的地區。舊機場路（機場南路）和喬古路的劫車率較高；前往喬莫·肯雅塔國際機場時，請改走蒙巴薩路或內羅畢高速公路。蒙巴薩的犯罪率雖然低於內羅畢，但也很高，所以請謹慎出行。避免使用利科尼渡輪，因為渡輪維護不善、有安全隱患、過度擁擠和踩踏風險。在基蘇木，包括曼亞塔、尼亞倫達、班達尼和奧邦加在內的地區犯罪率較高。由於武裝匪徒的存在，野生動物園和保護區之間的特定路線十分危險。特蘭斯-恩佐亞縣和邦戈馬縣的埃爾貢山地區有部落衝突。