Bosnia & Herzegovina
關於Bosnia & Herzegovina
| 貨幣 | Convertible mark (BAM) |
| 語言 | Bosnian and Croatian. Serbian is also spoken. |
| 資本金 | Sarajevo |
Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in southeastern Europe on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordering countries include Serbia and Montenegro on the east and Croatia and the Adriatic Sea on the north, west, and southwest. The population is about 4,500,000 people.
The government is a parliamentary democracy that is transforming its economy into a market-oriented system. The executive branch of the government is a rotating presidency among representatives of the three major groups: Bosniak, Croat, and Serb. Each of the three representatives is elected by the people to a four-year term. The Office of the High Representative was established by the Dayton Accords of 1995, and this office is the state’s ultimate authority.
Bosnia and Herzegovina became an independent state after the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s. The economy has suffered in the face of rebuilding after the war.
The country is increasingly becoming a tourist destination. The influence of the Turks and the Austro-Hungarian Empire has contributed to a rich history and culture.
Bosnia & Herzegovina的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
對於一些旅行者
麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗
A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for infants aged 6 to 11 months.
ick蟲腦炎疫苗
**There is a risk of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in all areas of this country. The transmission season varies, however, ticks are most active during early spring to late autumn. Vaccination against Tick-Borne Encephalitis is recommended if travelling in areas where contact with ticks might occur (camping, hiking, outdoor activities).**
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
Bosnia & Herzegovina的推薦藥物
目前沒有針對Bosnia & Herzegovina的建議。
Bosnia & Herzegovina要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Hepatitis A
There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Hepatitis B
There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
對於一些旅行者
Measles
There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.
Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever
There is a risk of acquiring Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in this country through specific insect, bug or tick bites or by coming in close contact with a person or animal infected with this disease. Travellers involved in activities like hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas are at a higher risk. There are no vaccinations (or medications) to prevent Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever.
Hanta Virus
There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.
Tick-Borne Encephalitis
There is a risk of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in some areas of this country. The transmission season varies, however, ticks are most active during early spring to late autumn.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis occurs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.
Rabies
Rabies occurs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.
Bosnia & Herzegovina中的安全性
人身安全
波士尼亞和黑塞哥維那的犯罪率處於中等水平。輕微犯罪經常以遊客為目標，在薩拉熱窩及其他城市的公共交通和步行區，扒竊和搶劫包袋的現象屢見不鮮。在薩拉熱窩週邊的熱門旅遊區，尤其是特雷貝維奇山，車輛失竊案增加。由於戰爭遺留的槍枝氾濫，搶劫和謀殺等暴力犯罪時有發生。許多當地人持有槍支，這增加了在錯誤的時間出現在錯誤地點的風險。公路搶劫時有發生，尤其是在加油站和高速公路停車場。有組織的犯罪事件偶爾會涉及暴力，但很少直接影響遊客。
極端暴力
2023年，波士尼亞和黑塞哥維那沒有發生恐怖事件，但8月有一人因涉嫌策劃攻擊清真寺而被捕。恐怖組織仍在策劃可能的攻擊，並可能在毫無預警的情況下發動攻擊。目標可能包括旅遊景點、交通樞紐、市場、購物中心、政府設施、酒店、俱樂部、餐廳、禮拜場所、公園、體育賽事、教育機構和機場。該國致力於打擊暴力極端主義，包括激進伊斯蘭主義、極端民族主義和外國勢力。國際恐怖組織和暴力極端主義意識形態仍然令人擔憂。聚集大量人群的公共場所風險更高。
政治動盪
波士尼亞和赫塞哥維納正面臨日益加深的政治危機，其核心是塞族共和國的分離主義舉動。 2025年，塞爾維亞共和國總統米洛拉德·多迪克因違反國家憲法而被發出逮捕令。塞爾維亞共和國實體通過法律，禁止國家級司法和執法機構在其領土上開展工作。這對該國的主權和憲法秩序構成了嚴重威脅。民族和宗教緊張局勢經常引發示威和交通中斷。抗議活動可能演變成暴力事件，並可能針對外國人。政治抗議活動通常發生在經濟議題、具有政治意義的節慶和國際活動期間。塞族共和國一些政治人物的反英言論可能轉化為更廣泛的反英情緒。在對國家穩定的擔憂中，該國迎來了《代頓協議》簽署30週年。
應避免的區域
1992年至1995年戰爭中未爆炸的地雷和軍械仍然是最需要避免的嚴重危害。截至2024年，約有838平方公里的受污染土地仍埋有約18萬枚地雷。超過50萬公民生活在地雷污染的威脅之下。自1995年以來，已有1,781人在地雷事故中受傷，624人死亡。此問題影響了143個市鎮中的129個。地雷最危險的地區包括多博伊、泰斯利奇、馬格拉伊、烏索拉、扎維多維奇、上瓦庫夫、桑斯基莫斯特、韋利卡克拉杜薩、特拉夫尼克和伊利亞斯。地雷散佈在農村地區、森林、山坡、舊前線附近以及廢棄建築物周圍。薩拉熱窩和莫斯塔爾等城市的旅遊區已清理完畢，但偏離路線或探索鄉村的廢棄建築會造成嚴重危險。雷區通常會進行標記，但每年仍有數人傷亡。請走硬路面和標示的小路。避開偏僻的山區。在鄉村地區，請僅在白天出行。
