Turkmenistan
關於Turkmenistan
| 貨幣 | Turkmen new manat (TMT) |
| 語言 | Turkmen |
| 資本金 | Ashgabat |
Turkmenistan is located in central Asia between Kazakhstan and Iran. The population is about 5 million people. Although Turkmen is the official language, Russian and Uzbek are also spoken.
Turkmenistan’s government is a republic with a single party system. A president is chief of state and head of government.
In ancient times, Turkmenistan was part of the Persian Empire. In the eighth century, Arabs invaded bringing Islam to the area. During the late 1800s, this area was incorporated into Russia; and in 1925, Turkmenistan became a republic within the USSR. The country achieved independence in 1991 upon the dissolution of the USSR.
The country has not been able to fully benefit from large gas reserves due to a lack of export routes. Some of the problems for Turkmenistan are widespread poverty, corruption, government misuse of revenue, and a poor education system.
The tourism sector has not been heavily promoted. Visitors will need a tourist visa and, at this time, would need an official guide to travel in the country. Travellers should explore recent travel visa requirements and rules carefully.
Turkmenistan的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
對於一些旅行者
卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗
BCG vaccine is recommended for those at increased risk from coming in close contact with infected persons or for unvaccinated, children under 16 years of age, who will live in Turkmenistan for more than 3 months.
麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗
A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.
傷寒疫苗
There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
Turkmenistan的推薦藥物
目前沒有針對Turkmenistan的建議。
Turkmenistan要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Hepatitis A
There is a high risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Turkmenistan through contaminated food or water.
Hepatitis B
There is a high risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Turkmenistan.
對於一些旅行者
Hanta Virus
There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.
Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever
There is a risk of acquiring Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in this country through specific insect, bug or tick bites or by coming in close contact with a person or animal infected with this disease. Travellers involved in activities like hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas are at a higher risk. There are no vaccinations (or medications) to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.
Measles
There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.
Tuberculosis
Travellers to Turkmenistan are at significant risk for tuberculosis, including multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, if visiting friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis occurs in this country.
Typhoid Fever
Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Turkmenistan, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.
Rabies
Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.
Turkmenistan中的安全性
人身安全
與許多國家相比，土庫曼斯坦的犯罪率較低，暴力犯罪極為罕見。扒手、搶劫和竊盜等輕微犯罪時有發生，尤其是在市場、火車站和夜間列車等人流密集的地區。主要城市警察力量強大，身分檢查頻繁。您必須隨時攜帶護照原件，因為當局會在全國各地的檢查站進行例行證件檢查。主要道路上的警察檢查站要求車輛停車登記。一些報告表明，警方有腐敗現象，包括在檢查站隨意罰款、騷擾、勒索，甚至栽贓陷害。如果被攔下，請自行掏空口袋，不要讓警察搜查。非正規計程車有被搶劫的風險。阿什哈巴德實施晚上11點宵禁，此後行動受限。阿什哈巴德東北部和東部地區在天黑後成為暴力犯罪和毒品活動的熱點。警方可能會對外國人進行監視，飯店房間、通訊和個人物品也可能受到監控或搜查。軍事設施、政府大樓、機場、警察局和食品市場均禁止拍照。批評政治制度或傳統的言論可能被起訴。 VPN 是非法的。該國位於活躍地震帶，經常發生地震，偶爾會發生強烈地震。
極端暴力
土庫曼斯坦近期沒有發生恐怖攻擊，但也不能排除發生攻擊的可能性。政府對民眾和邊境保持嚴密的監視。 2023年沒有發生恐怖事件。由於鄰國阿富汗的政治動盪，中亞地區再次面臨恐怖主義威脅。土庫曼斯坦和阿富汗之間的邊境是毒品和走私貨物的中轉站，阿富汗的安全局勢仍然極難預測。 2017年的報告稱，疑似武裝分子從阿富汗越境進入土庫曼斯坦，但這些邊境地區的執法和安全措施仍嚴密。土庫曼政府積極與包括聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室、歐安組織在內的國際組織合作進行反恐合作，並參與區域安全框架。土庫曼斯坦透過總統安全局、國家邊境局、國家海關局以及國家安全部、內政部和國防部等多個國家機構實施反恐措施。
政治動盪
土庫曼斯坦是一個極端專制的獨裁國家，抗議和示威活動遭到嚴格禁止和嚴厲鎮壓。公開表達不滿情緒被禁止，否則可能導致逮捕、拘留或監禁。儘管有這些風險，但自 2020 年以來，因糧食短缺和經濟困難而爆發的小規模抗議活動仍不時發生。 2020 年 5 月，約 1,000 人聚集在土庫曼巴特市熱列日諾多羅加區，這是自 1991 年獨立以來規模最大的反政府集會。 2020 年 4 月，在馬雷州發生小規模抗議活動，婦女封鎖道路，遊行到省政府大樓，抱怨麵粉和食用油短缺。當局採取了讓步和警察恐嚇相結合的應對措施。安全部隊短暫拘留並訊問了抗議者。 2023 年和 2024 年，長期缺乏補貼主食導致達沙古茲省和土庫曼巴希發生零星抗議活動，其中一些演變成暴力事件。政府對糧食短缺的投訴採取罰款和訊問的手段。當局可能在短時間內實施宵禁並封鎖部分地區，違反宵禁將立即被驅逐出境，並被禁止在五年內返回。當局禁止未註冊的非政府組織進行活動。獨立活動人士以及旅居海外的活動人士的家人都面臨著政府報復的持續威脅。任何獨立的地方組織都無法公開運作。跨國鎮壓時有發生，活動人士被驅逐出土耳其，返回土庫曼斯坦後又被拘留。
應避免的區域
由於持續的衝突、恐怖主義風險和毒品走私，距離阿富汗5公里以內的邊境地區最危險。進入阿富汗和伊朗邊境附近地區受到嚴格限制。邊境口岸可能在未經通知的情況下關閉。阿什哈巴德東北部和東部地區，尤其是在日落之後，是暴力犯罪和毒品活動的熱點地區。強烈建議不要在天黑後獨自在這些地區行走。政府已宣布多個區域為禁區，未經國家移民局許可，外國人不得進入。這些地區包括與阿富汗、伊朗和烏茲別克斯坦接壤的地區，以及包括達沙古茲市在內的達沙古茲地區。地區之間的公路通行可能會在短時間內受到限制。土庫曼斯坦-哈薩克邊境目前禁止通行。進入指定的禁區需要政府許可，審核時間為10個工作天。土庫曼航空不會向未經當局核實或許可前往禁區的旅客出售機票。偏遠地區有土匪風險。坐火車旅行速度慢，犯罪率高，因此不宜搭乘火車。
