Mali

Mali的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended. Infants 6 to 11 months old should also be vaccinated against the disease.

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission, and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

A BCG vaccine is recommended for all unvaccinated adults and children under 16 years of age, staying in the country for more than 3 months. A tuberculin skin test is required prior to administering vaccination for all children from 6 years of age.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

One dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) is recommended to infants 6 to 11 months prior to international travel.

腦膜炎疫苗

Because this country is located in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt, vaccination against meningitis is recommended if travelling during the dry season (December to June).

黃熱病疫苗

This country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate for all arriving travellers 1 year of age and older. For children less than one year of age, Mali does not require the vaccination. However, the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend the vaccination for persons 9 months of age and older if going to areas south of the Sahara Desert.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Mali的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Recommended anti-malaria medications include atovaquone-proguanil, mefloquine or doxycycline. Resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxime-pyrimethamine has been reported.

Mali要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Mali.

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Mali through contaminated food or water.

Dengue Fever

Outbreaks of dengue fever may occur.

Cholera

Cholera outbreaks occur in Mali. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.

Chikungunya Fever

Outbreaks of chikungunya fever may occur.

對於一些旅行者

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in the country. The infection is transmitted by the bite of infected phlebotomine sandfly.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring the Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever in Mali.

Malaria

All areas of Mali are at risk for malaria.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring hantavirus in Mali through contaminated food or by coming into contact with someone infected with the virus.

West Nile Fever

The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.

Lassa Fever

There is a risk of acquiring Lassa fever through breathing in unsafe air, eating contaminated food with droppings of infected rats.

Measles

There is a risk of exposure to measles in the country.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 1)

There is an increased risk for travellers spending a lot of time outdoors or visiting game parks. Travellers to urban areas not at risk.

Meningitis

Meningitis outbreaks may occur in Mali. Travellers who visit during the dry season (December to June) or expect to have prolonged contact with the local population are especially at risk.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Mali, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease may occur in this country.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in Mali. Travellers to Mali are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in the Mali. Bats may also carry rabies-like viruses. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Schistosomiasis

This disease is present in Mali and is acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis

Yellow Fever

This country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate for all arriving travellers 1 year of age and older. For children less than one year of age, Mali does not require the vaccination. However, the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend the vaccination for persons 9 months of age and older if going to areas south of the Sahara Desert.

Mali中的安全性

人身安全

馬利各地犯罪率上升，尤其是在巴馬科。武裝搶劫、綁架和劫車是常見威脅。城市地區扒竊和竊盜時有發生。安全局勢依然動盪，警察隨機設立檢查站和路障屢見不鮮，尤其是在夜間。飲料中下藥的情況隨處可見，因此切勿將食物或飲料放在無人看管的地方。腐敗現象普遍存在。警察可能會以不明原因攔停司機並索取款項。當局有時會無故向外國人索取小額款項。騙子在莫迪博凱塔國際機場活動。網路詐騙十分常見，通常始於西非國家。聯合國維和部隊於2023年12月撤離，導致安全局勢惡化。馬裡一直處於緊急狀態，加強了安全措施，包括隨機身分檢查。安全部隊經常對車輛和人員進行檢查。您需要隨時攜帶身分證明。在巴馬科及其郊區以及馬利南部地區，當地節慶和季節性活動期間的暴力犯罪尤其令人擔憂。夜間出行會顯著增加風險。西方人是綁架和攻擊的典型目標。土匪在偏遠地區和北部邊境地區活動頻繁，尤其是在天黑後。請避免天黑後出遊。

極端暴力

馬利面臨「支持伊斯蘭和穆斯林聯盟」和「伊斯蘭國薩赫勒省」等恐怖組織的嚴重威脅。自2023年12月聯合國維和部隊撤離以來，安全局勢持續惡化。 2024年9月，法拉迪區憲兵學校和巴馬科莫迪博凱塔國際機場發生攻擊，造成至少70人死亡。 2025年2月，一枚路邊炸彈在連接卡蒂和索里布古的公路上炸死一個車隊中的兩人。 2025年上半年，「支持伊斯蘭和穆斯林聯盟」發動了280次攻擊，是2024年同期的兩倍。 2024年1月至10月，伊斯蘭武裝團體發動了326次針對平民的攻擊，造成478人死亡。 2024年1月至10月期間，馬利安全部隊及其盟軍針對平民進行了239次行動，造成1021人死亡。馬利武裝部隊和與俄羅斯有關的瓦格納集團武裝分子涉嫌在反恐行動中非法殺害平民。恐怖分子和犯罪集團的綁架行為十分普遍。馬利全境面臨蓋達組織和與伊斯蘭國結盟的組織的綁架威脅。綁架事件發生在馬利各地，包括城市地區和首都。恐怖分子綁架威脅在馬利北部和中部最高，但在馬利南部也呈現上升趨勢。近年來，已有數名外國人被綁架。西方人成為綁架目標。有些人質被關押數月後才獲釋，有些人被殺害。恐怖攻擊的目標是安全部隊、平民、外國利益團體、旅館、餐廳、宗教場所、國際外交使團、機場、交通樞紐以及其他外國人經常光顧的場所。襲擊可能在幾乎沒有預警的情況下發生。主要道路和交通幹道上佈滿了地雷和簡易爆炸裝置。在中部、北部和東北部地區活動的團體使用地雷。暴力事件已從北部和中部蔓延至西部和南部地區。 2015年，恐怖分子襲擊了巴馬科的麗笙布魯酒店。 2019年3月，蒙面槍手在馬利中部的奧戈薩古殺害了160名村民。自2023年8月以來，廷巴克圖機場多次遭到「支持尼米亞運動」（JNIM）的砲擊。少數民族民兵和自衛組織也犯下了暴行。 2024年1月，一支少數族裔民兵在馬利中部殺害了至少13名平民，並綁架了24人。

政治動盪

馬利自 2020 年 8 月政變以來一直處於軍事統治之下。 2021 年 5 月發生第二次政變，阿西米·戈伊塔上校宣布自己為過渡總統。原定於 2024 年 2 月舉行的總統選舉被無限期推遲。 2024 年 5 月，軍政府組織的全國對話建議將軍事過渡期延長三年，以允許戈伊塔參加未來的選舉。民主選舉被推遲到至少 2027 年。 2025 年 5 月，軍政府通過了一項法案，授予戈伊塔五年總統任期，可根據需要多次連任，無需舉行選舉。政府也於 2025 年 5 月以維護公共秩序為由暫停了各政黨的活動，直到另行通知。這些行動在巴馬科引發了罕見的抗議活動，數百人走上街頭，呼籲結束軍事統治。巴馬科經常發生大規模抗議活動，有時發生暴力事件，有人焚燒輪胎，有人與警察發生衝突。警方使用催淚瓦斯和小型武器進行回擊。已有人員傷亡報告。 2024年，軍政府解散了至少三個民間社會協會。 2024年1月，馬利、布吉納法索和尼日宣布退出西非國家經濟共同體（ECOWAS）。這三個國家於2023年9月組成了薩赫勒國家聯盟。公民空間顯著縮小。當局打壓媒體和反對派的聲音。政府恐嚇媒體，並針對記者和人權捍衛者。 2024年2月至4月期間，軍事政權暫停了各政黨和協會的活動。 2024年11月，HAC暫停了JOLIBA電視新聞六個月。記者因批評政府而被逮捕和拘留。言論自由受到限制，尤其是涉及軍事行動。在某些情況下，示威活動被禁止。即使是和平示威也可能隨時演變成暴力事件，導致交通和大眾運輸中斷。

應避免的區域

馬利北部地區仍然幾乎人跡罕至，極度危險。自2012年以來，該地區主要由叛軍、恐怖組織和犯罪網絡控制。馬利北部各地與武裝叛亂分子的軍事衝突持續不斷。合法的馬利安全部隊無法保障該地區外國人的安全。該地區包括廷巴克圖、加奧、基達爾和梅納卡地區。馬里中部地區日益危險。莫普提和塞古地區的社區之間以及社區內部都存在安全事件。恐怖組織也捲入了這些衝突。從莫普提到廷巴克圖的道路被認為是世界上最危險的道路之一。傑內位於政府建議不要前往的地區，因為距離該地區不到20公里的地方就有伊斯蘭控制的村莊。連接塞古和傑內的道路時常遭受攻擊。與茅利塔尼亞、尼日、阿爾及利亞、布吉納法索、科特迪瓦、幾內亞和塞內加爾接壤的邊境地區十分危險。這些邊境地區曾發生恐怖主義和犯罪事件。馬利當局與武裝團體在卡伊和錫卡索地區發生衝突。與尼日爾和阿爾及利亞的邊境是真正的戰區。從布吉納法索東部過境進入馬利被認為過於危險或不可能。馬利南部的安全局勢惡化。巴馬科週邊地區目前發生綁架攻擊事件。包括卡伊在內的西部地區發生了針對軍事設施的協同攻擊。在首都以外的道路上夜間出行尤其危險。許多地方的街道光線昏暗，能見度低。大多數政府建議不要前往馬裡，除非在巴馬科市中心周圍的有限區域內。一些政府建議即使在巴馬科非洲塔15公里範圍內，也不要進行非必要的旅行。巴馬科以外的機場極度危險。自2023年8月以來，恐怖組織多次砲擊廷巴克圖機場。