Bulgaria
關於Bulgaria
| 貨幣 | Lev (BGN) |
| 語言 | Bulgarian |
| 資本金 | Sofia |
The Republic of Bulgaria is located in the Balkan Mountains in southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea in the east, and between Turkey and Romania. The population of Bulgaria is about 7.5 million people.
The Bulgarian government is a parliamentary democracy. The chief of state is a president, and the head of government is a prime minister. Since emerging from communist rule, Bulgaria has experienced social, economic, and financial problems and crises. Beginning about 1997, with reforms, Bulgaria began to have some stable economic growth.
Today, the Black Sea Coast is one of the main tourist attractions. Tourists can visit nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites, museums, and the Royal Palace to name a few. There are opportunities for hiking and horseback riding. Transportation is inexpensive and efficient between the cities and rural areas.
Bulgaria的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country. Therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country. Therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
對於一些旅行者
麻疹,腮腺炎,風疹(MMR)疫苗
A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for infants aged 6 to 11 months.
ick蟲腦炎疫苗
**There is a risk of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in some areas of this country. The transmission season varies, however, ticks are most active during early spring to late autumn.**
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
Bulgaria的推薦藥物
目前沒有針對Bulgaria的建議。
Bulgaria要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Hepatitis A
There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Bulgaria.
Hepatitis B
There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Bulgaria.
對於一些旅行者
Measles
There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.
Leishmaniasis
There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in this country through sand fly bites, particularly between dusk to dawn. Adventure tourists, outdoor athletes, or humanitarian aid workers are at a higher risk.
Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever
There is a risk of acquiring Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever in this country through specific insect, bug or tick bites or by coming in close contact with a person or animal infected with this disease. Travellers involved in activities like hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas are at a higher risk. There are no vaccinations (or medications) to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever.
Hanta Virus
There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.
Tick-Borne Encephalitis
There is a risk of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in some areas of this country. The transmission season varies, however, ticks are most active during early spring to late autumn.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis occurs in Bulgaria. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.
Rabies
Rabies occurs in Bulgaria. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.
Bulgaria中的安全性
人身安全
與其他歐洲國家相比,保加利亞的犯罪率相對較低。扒手和搶包等輕微犯罪主要發生在觀光區、大眾運輸以及機場、火車站和汽車站等主要樞紐。竊盜者瞄準陽光海灘和其他黑海度假勝地等地區。加油站無人看管車輛的竊案增加,尤其是在司機進站加油時。 2024 年犯罪率與 2023 年相比下降了 1%,預謀殺人案下降了 21.6%。大多數刑事犯罪是財產犯罪和經濟犯罪,而暴力犯罪仍然很少見,尤其是針對遊客的暴力犯罪。有組織犯罪確實存在,但很少影響遊客。遊客最常遇到的犯罪是經濟犯罪,包括 ATM 盜刷、信用卡詐欺和計程車司機多收錢。保加利亞當局建議夜間避免前往光線昏暗的街道,尤其是在大城市。具體應避開的區域包括天黑後的索菲亞聖內德利亞廣場、普利斯卡酒店附近的紅燈區以及獅子橋附近的公園區域。分散注意力的伎倆有時會被用來為盜竊提供便利,因此如果有人主動上前提供幫助,請務必保持警惕。在夜生活場所,可能會發生飲料下藥的情況,因此切勿將食物或飲料放在無人看管的地方。要警惕假計程車,尤其是在索菲亞機場和陽光海灘等度假勝地,那裡的無證司機可能會向乘客收取過高的費用。請務必選擇正規計程車公司或透過您的住宿地點安排計程車。
極端暴力
保加利亞的恐怖主義威脅仍然較低。近期沒有發生過恐怖攻擊,但不能排除攻擊的可能性,而且攻擊可能不分皂白。外國恐怖組織利用保加利亞的非法走私和販運網絡,為恐怖分子從中東和南亞進入歐洲提供便利。 2022年,保加利亞當局逮捕了一名涉嫌參與恐怖組織的挪威公民;2019年,一名自我極端化的青年因策劃在普羅夫迪夫發動攻擊而被捕。 2020年,兩名嫌疑人因向2012年布爾加斯巴士爆炸案提供後勤支援而被判處終身監禁。該爆炸案造成五名以色列遊客和一名保加利亞巴士司機死亡。襲擊與真主黨有關。保加利亞的反恐工作重點是透過加強邊境安全、旅客篩檢和資訊共享來阻止外國恐怖主義戰鬥人員過境。近年來,透過生物辨識技術識別出的已知和疑似恐怖分子數量大幅增加,但其中很大一部分並未在邊境被抓獲。針對有組織犯罪頭目的合約謀殺案曾一度成為問題,但自2010年開始逮捕犯罪團夥成員以來,該案件數量已基本減少。保加利亞組織犯罪集團涉嫌販毒、香菸走私、人口販賣、賣淫、軍火交易和勒索。然而,有組織犯罪通常不會影響遊客。針對遊客的暴力犯罪很少見。 2018年,保加利亞的謀殺率為每10萬人3.8起,2024年記錄了58起預謀殺人案。
政治動盪
保加利亞各地城鎮偶爾會發生政治抗議活動。大多數抗議活動是和平的,但偶爾也會發生暴力事件,包括警察的暴力行為。抗議活動可能會導致交通中斷,因為抗議者或警察會設置路障。保加利亞自 2020 年以來經歷了嚴重的政治不穩定,在 2021 年至 2024 年期間舉行了多次選舉。 2020 年和 2021 年爆發了大規模抗議活動,要求政府因貪腐醜聞辭職。索菲亞最大的反政府集會吸引了 10 萬至 12 萬名示威者。倫敦、柏林、布魯塞爾和哥本哈根等國外城市也發生了抗議活動。 2013 年的抗議活動中,數萬人舉行示威,反對貧窮和腐敗,有些人甚至自焚。學生抗議和佔領大學是對政府行動的回應。近期抗議活動主要集中在能源政策上,2024年的大型示威活動將吸引數千人參與。大型政治集會和活動可能會在毫無預警的情況下演變成暴力事件,有時甚至會造成人員傷亡。 2024年8月,總統批准立法禁止在學校進行LGBTQ宣傳後,索菲亞爆發了類似的抗議活動,凸顯了持續的社會和政治緊張局勢。抗議活動頻繁發生,涉及電力市場自由化、司法改革和反貪腐措施等各種議題。由於政局不穩定且無法組成穩定的政府,該國三年內已舉行了六次議會選舉。請避免參加所有抗議活動,並聽取地方當局的建議。
應避免的區域
索菲亞需要注意的特定區域包括聖內德利亞廣場 (Sveta Nedelya Square),該廣場以夜間犯罪活動頻繁而聞名,但白天則安全無虞。應避免前往普利斯卡酒店 (Pliska Hotel) 附近的紅燈區,因為那裡犯罪活動猖獗。獅子橋 (Lvov Most) 附近的公園區域被認為風險較高。天黑後的小巷,尤其是大城市裡光線昏暗的道路,犯罪活動頻繁。夜間應避免前往中央火車站和長途汽車站周圍的區域。在普羅夫迪夫,在郊區、貧民區和交通樞紐地區需格外小心。黑海沿岸的陽光海灘 (Sunny Beach) 比其他沿海地區需要更加謹慎,尤其要注意酒後下藥和深夜鬥毆。該度假勝地經常有計程車司機發生搶劫和威脅行為的報道。不建議凌晨 2 點後獨自在此行走。據報道,在通往希臘和馬其頓的公路上,杜普尼察 (Dupnitsa) 和丘斯滕迪爾 (Kyustendil) 附近以及黑海沿岸,都出現了假警察和冒充警察的罪犯。金沙度假區遭遇針對遊客的詐騙和價格過高的場所。從內塞巴爾到陽光海灘的巴士路線上的竊盜案增加。相較之下,像索佐波爾和內塞巴爾這樣的沿海小城鎮犯罪率很低,被認為是家庭度假的理想之地。從犯罪角度來看,保加利亞的鄉村和山村非常安全,社區關係緊密,社會規範嚴謹,防止竊盜或針對遊客的暴力行為。農村地區較以社區為基礎進行安全工作,效果顯著。