Namibia

Namibia的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended. Infants 6 to 11 months old should also be vaccinated against the disease.

對於一些旅行者

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

A BCG vaccine is recommended for all unvaccinated adults and children under 16 years of age, staying in the country for more than 3 months. A tuberculin skin test is required prior to administering vaccination for all children from 6 years of age.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

One dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) is recommended to infants 6 to 11 months prior to international travel.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

黃熱病疫苗

There is no risk of yellow fever (YFV) transmission in Namibia. This country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate if traveling from a country with risk of YFV transmission. The countries or parts of countries included in the endemic zones in Africa and South America are regarded as areas with risk of YFV transmission. Travellers on scheduled flights that originated outside the countries with risk of YFV transmission, but who have been in transit through these areas, are not required to possess a certificate provided that they remained at the airport or in the adjacent town during transit. All travellers whose flights originated in countries with risk of YFV transmission or who have been in transit through these countries on unscheduled flights are required to possess a certificate. The certificate is not required for children under 1 year of age, but such infants may be subject to surveillance.

Namibia的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

In malaria risk areas, atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, or mefloquine are the recommended anti-malaria medications. Resistance to chloroquine has been reported.

Namibia要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Namibia.

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Namibia.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever occurs in this country.

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever occurs in this country.

Cholera

Cholera occurs in this country.

對於一些旅行者

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in the country. The infection is transmitted by the bite of infected phlebotomine sandfly.

Measles

There is a risk of exposure to measles in the country.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring the Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever in Namibia.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease may occur in the country.

West Nile Fever

The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring hantavirus in Namibia through contaminated food or by coming into contact with someone infected with the virus.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 1)

African trypanosomiasis (“sleeping sickness”) occurs in this country. Travellers to urban areas are not at risk.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in this country. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Namibia, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Yellow Fever

There is no risk of yellow fever (YFV) transmission in Namibia. This country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate if traveling from a country with risk of YFV transmission. The countries or parts of countries included in the endemic zones in Africa and South America are regarded as areas with risk of YFV transmission. Travellers on scheduled flights that originated outside the countries with risk of YFV transmission, but who have been in transit through these areas, are not required to possess a certificate provided that they remained at the airport or in the adjacent town during transit. All travellers whose flights originated in countries with risk of YFV transmission or who have been in transit through these countries on unscheduled flights are required to possess a certificate. The certificate is not required for children under 1 year of age, but such infants may be subject to surveillance.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Malaria

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention state that malaria is present in the regions of Kavango (East and West), Kunene, Ohangwena, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa, and Zambezi. Rare cases in other parts of the country. No malaria in city of Windhoek. The World Health Organization states that malaria risk due predominantly to P. falciparum exists from November to June inclusive in the following regions: Ohangwena, Omaheke, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto and Otjozondjupa. Risk exists throughout the year along the Kunene River and in Caprivi and Kavango regions. NaTHNaC states that malaria is present in the regions of Kavango (East and West), Kunene, Ohangwena, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa, and Zambezi. Rare cases in other parts of the country. No malaria in city of Windhoek. There is a high risk of malaria from November to June in the northern third of Namibia. There is a low risk of malaria in this part of the country during the rest of the year. There is a risk throughout the year in the Caprivi Strip, Kavango and Kunene River regions. There is low to no risk of malaria in the rest of Namibia.

Namibia中的安全性

人身安全

納米比亞輕微犯罪率上升，暴力犯罪日益普遍，尤其是在城市中心。在溫得和克、斯瓦科普蒙德和鯨灣港，扒手、搶劫、手機竊盜和汽車失竊案件頻繁發生。犯罪者會利用分散注意力的手段，主動提供協助或接近遊客以竊取貴重物品。持械搶劫和行兇搶劫的目標群體是外國人，案件隨時可能發生，即使在繁忙的市中心地區也是如此。從停在路口、旅遊區附近或購物中心停車場的車輛上砸搶犯罪越來越普遍。搶劫案也發生在大城市外的路邊休息站。遊客在路邊停下來搭載搭便車者或幫助他人後遭到搶劫。一些計程車司機參與了搶劫，尤其是在溫得和克，有報道他們與犯罪網絡合作，以識別容易受到攻擊的遊客。信用卡盜刷在飯店和旅館時有發生，犯罪分子可能會在自動櫃員機上分散您的注意力以竊取現金。飲料中下藥的情況時有發生，所以切勿接受陌生人的食物或飲料，並將物品放在視線範圍內。天黑後犯罪率會顯著上升，犯罪者有時會展示刀具，偶爾還會使用槍枝。納米比亞警方成立了遊客保護部門，以應對針對遊客的犯罪，但該部門人手仍然不足。避免夜間獨自在大城鎮行走，在自動櫃員機、銀行、交通樞紐和溫得和克市中心附近尤其要小心。卡圖圖拉、哈瓦那以及溫得和克的非正規定居點是各種犯罪的高風險地區。

極端暴力

納米比亞近期沒有恐怖主義歷史，但不能排除發生攻擊的可能性。該國恐怖主義風險評級為低，境內沒有已知的組織犯罪集團活動。政治暴力風險較低，納米比亞自1990年獨立以來一直維持穩定的民主政府。該國在全球和平指數中排名第68位，是非洲最安全的國家之一。綁架事件報告極少，且記錄在案的事件與國內分歧有關，而非出於政治動機。目前尚未報告針對旅行者的重大綁架事件，整體威脅仍然較低。雖然納米比亞與安哥拉接壤，過去曾發生衝突，但和平改善了邊境地區的安全局勢。然而，從卡萬戈西部地區的卡特維特維到贊比西河地區的孔戈拉，邊境地區仍然存在地雷，要求旅行者在既定道路上行駛，並在路邊停車處保持謹慎。卡萬戈地區和贊比西河地區的西半部仍然需要謹慎，因為潛在的土匪風險。納米比亞地廣人稀，許多遊客前往遠離緊急服務和醫療設施的偏遠地區。大城市以外的醫療設施有限，可能缺乏足夠的基本藥物供應。與週邊鄰國相比，納米比亞的暴力衝突發生率相對較低，發生州際衝突的風險也極小。主要的安全隱患仍然是機會主義犯罪，而非有組織的暴力或極端主義。

政治動盪

納米比亞自獨立以來保持顯著的政治穩定和民主治理。自1990年以來，西南非洲人民組織一直主導著政治格局，儘管反對黨在最近的選舉中取得了進展。示威和抗議活動很少發生，主要發生在溫得和克。即使是和平示威也可能隨時演變成暴力事件，並可能擾亂交通和公共交通。 2020年，警方使用橡皮子彈和催淚瓦斯驅散反對性別暴力的抗議者，儘管此類事件並不常見。警方偶爾會在抗議活動中使用武力，這些行為通常受到公眾的批評，但警員很少被追究責任。工會示威活動的組織者通常會執行紀律，避免與當局發生衝突。即使發生街頭示威活動，通常也不會引發暴力事件，遭遇政治暴力的風險仍然很低。公民自由和政治自由，包括抗議權，廣受尊重。隨著最近的選舉結果，政治的對抗性加劇，但現在判斷這是否預示著政治將轉向潛在的暴力對抗還為時過早。敵意和對抗似乎加劇，但仍主要以非暴力形式出現。部落主義傾向被認為是穩定的潛在威脅，尤其是在有關殖民種族滅絕和受影響社區賠償的辯論中。 2024年的選舉表明，公眾對治理、腐敗和經濟問題的不滿日益加劇，改革的呼聲也日益高漲。目前尚無任何明顯的反民主勢力，而這些勢力可能對民主體制構成威脅。納米比亞沒有活躍的叛亂組織，跨國衝突不會對遊客造成影響。該國曾在1999年在卡普里維地區經歷過短暫的武裝衝突，但這只是一個孤立的歷史事件，不會對遊客造成持續的安全影響。

應避免的區域

溫得和克市中心及週邊地區犯罪風險較高，首都溫得和克的犯罪率佔納米比亞所有已通報犯罪的五分之二以上。具體危險區域包括卡圖圖拉、哈瓦那、戈雷安加布、瓦納赫達、落基山脊和霍馬斯達爾，這些地區搶劫、入室盜竊、襲擊和暴力犯罪頻繁。韋恩希爾、馬埃魯阿購物中心和奧斯潘廣場周圍的中央商務區需要謹慎。納米比亞科技大學、多拉多谷、陶本峽谷和非正規住區附近是入室盜竊和搶劫的高發地。哈格·根哥布高中和亞伯拉罕·馬舍戈路附近的交叉路口搶劫案件頻傳。除非您熟悉該地區，否則不應獨自前往城鎮。沿海的斯瓦科普蒙德和鯨灣港也發生遊客搶劫事件，儘管這些沿海城市是熱門旅遊目的地。納米比亞-安哥拉邊境地區，包括卡萬戈地區和尚比西河西半部，因有盜匪風險，需謹慎行事。從卡特維特維到孔戈拉的邊境地區仍埋有地雷，必須嚴格遵守既定道路。溫得和克郊外的路邊休息站一直是盜賊的目標。交通樞紐、自動櫃員機、飯店以及車輛在紅綠燈處停車的區域是盜竊和砸搶事件的常見地點。各大城市中心的購物中心停車場經常發生汽車入室竊盜事件。天黑後，整個城市地區的犯罪風險顯著增加，夜間出行尤其危險。偏遠的沙漠地區之所以構成風險，並非因為犯罪率高，而是因為極度偏遠、缺乏緊急服務以及惡劣的環境條件。