Western Sahara
關於Western Sahara
| 貨幣 | Moroccan dirham; Algerian dinar; Mauritanian ouguiya (MAD; DZD; MRO) |
| 語言 | Arabic |
| 資本金 | El Aaiún |
Western Sahara is a disputed territory located in northern Africa on the Atlantic Ocean. The territory shares borders with Morocco, Algeria, and Mauritania. The legal status of the Western Sahara has been a long-disputed issue between Morocco and the Algerian-backed Polisario Front. Morocco controls the west and the Polisario Front (the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) controls the east. The population of the territory is about 250,000 people.
The area became a Spanish province in 1934 and was known as Spanish Sahara. In the early 1970s, the nomadic group, the Saharawis, began a guerrilla insurgency against colonialism; and in 1973, the Polisario Front set itself up as the representative of the Saharan people. In 1976 Spain withdrew. The Polisario Front proclaimed the Western Sahara’s independence. Morocco and Mauritania also laid claim to the territory.
The guerrilla war ended in 1991. The United Nations made efforts toward a referendum to give the people a chance to choose between independence or integration into Morocco. Due to disagreement on voter eligibility and other issues, the referendum has never taken place.
Morocco has established a heavy security presence in this territory. Some neighbouring countries recognise the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and others recognise Moroccan sovereignty. At the time of writing, Western Sahara is listed by the United Nations as a Non-Self-Governing Territory. The flag shown is that of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
Western Sahara的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
對於一些旅行者
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
傷寒疫苗
There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.
卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗
A BCG vaccine is recommended for all unvaccinated adults and children under 16 years of age, staying in the country for more than 3 months. A tuberculin skin test is required prior to administering vaccination for all children from 6 years of age.
Western Sahara的推薦藥物
目前沒有針對Western Sahara的建議。
Western Sahara要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Hepatitis A
There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Western Sahara through contaminated food or water.
Hepatitis B
There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Western Sahara.
對於一些旅行者
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis occurs in Western Sahara. Travellers to Western Sahara are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.
Typhoid Fever
Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Western Sahara, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.
Rabies
Rabies occurs in Western Sahara. Bats may also carry rabies-like viruses. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.
Western Sahara中的安全性
人身安全
西撒哈拉是一片爭議領土，摩洛哥控制西部約80%的土地，波利薩裡奧陣線則控制東部地區。一道長達2700公里的土牆（稱為「護堤」）將這兩個區域分隔開來。摩洛哥控制區基礎建設更完善，對遊客來說也更安全，但緊張局勢依然存在。 1991年達成的停火協議於2020年破裂，摩洛哥軍隊與波利薩裡奧陣線之間持續發生不定期的小規模衝突，有時造成平民傷亡。恐怖分子可能會嘗試攻擊，這些攻擊可能會針對外國人造訪的地方。該地區居民以穆斯林為主。您需要尊重當地的傳統、習俗和宗教習俗。摩洛哥當局密切監視和控制該地區的出入，並將其視為摩洛哥的一部分。您會遇到許多軍事檢查站，尤其是在主要道路上。除非有明確的指示，否則請務必在檢查站停車，並攜帶身分證件。您應該避免參加所有政治集會、示威活動以及支持撒哈拉獨立的活動，因為當局將這些視為應受法律制裁的嚴重犯罪。摩洛哥安全部隊在驅散抗議活動時可能會採取暴力行動，並可能出現任意拘留的情況。城市地區經常發生扒竊等輕微犯罪。持刀搶劫案時有發生，造成人員傷亡。信用卡詐欺和ATM竊盜也是常見問題。
極端暴力
未爆炸地雷是西撒哈拉最嚴重的危險源頭。據估計，該地區埋設了七百萬至九百萬枚地雷，是地球上布雷最密集的地區之一。護堤及其兩側30公里範圍內的地區埋設了大量殺傷性地雷和反戰車地雷。每年都有人因未爆炸地雷喪生。幾十年來，由於風雨和洪水的影響，地雷位置不斷變化，即使是先前清理乾淨的區域也變得危險。衝突期間，偏遠地區、山頂和綠洲周圍地區被故意埋設了地雷。請嚴格遵守人流量大的道路和鋪砌路面。切勿冒險進入未標記的沙漠地區，即使它們看起來靠近主要路線。如果您看到排列成圓圈的石頭，則表示有爆炸危險。摩洛哥控制區和波利薩裡奧陣線控制區之間的緩衝區尤其危險，平民完全禁止進入。 1991年停火協議確立了這片非軍事地帶，禁止一切未經授權的進入，雙方軍隊都對該地區進行嚴密巡邏。聯合國維和部隊對該地區進行監控，但無法保證平民安全。阿爾及利亞和茅利塔尼亞邊境附近地區也存在嚴重的地雷威脅。茅利塔尼亞邊境口岸的無人區尤其危險。只能在白天與其他車輛結隊穿越該區域，並沿著標記的道路行駛。在一些地圖上可以看到1975年之前的舊西班牙路，但它直接通往雷區和沙丘。請勿沿著這條路行駛。
政治動盪
西撒哈拉自 1975 年以來一直是聯合國列出的非自治領土，摩洛哥和波利薩裡奧陣線存在主權爭議。摩洛哥將西部地區作為其南部省份進行管理，而波利薩裡奧陣線控制著護堤以東的地區。 1991 年結束激烈戰鬥的停火協議於 2020 年 11 月破裂，當時摩洛哥軍隊清除了封鎖茅利塔尼亞邊境附近蓋爾格拉特道路的抗議者。低強度武裝衝突已經恢復，波利薩裡奧陣線偶爾對摩洛哥陣地發動攻擊。局勢可能在幾乎沒有警告的情況下升級。摩洛哥在其控制的整個領土上保持大量軍事和安全存在。要求撒哈拉獨立的抗議活動在阿尤恩、達赫拉和斯馬拉不時發生，但摩洛哥當局強行鎮壓。安全部隊過度使用武力，包括毆打、任意逮捕和催淚瓦斯。支持獨立的活動人士面臨監視、騷擾、長期拘留和不公正的審判。 2010 年，格代姆伊齊克抗議營地被拆除，造成 11 名安全部隊人員死亡，至少 2 名平民死亡。當局在有爭議的審判中判處 19 名撒哈拉人有罪，而審判依據的據稱是透過酷刑獲得的供詞。與社會經濟不滿相關的示威活動也時有發生，主要集中在失業、住房以及對撒哈拉人的歧視，而對摩洛哥定居者的支持。西撒哈拉的政治性質意味著摩洛哥限制獨立媒體的報導。記者和任何涉嫌參與記錄人權問題或獨立運動的人都將面臨驅逐出境、旅行禁令和起訴。不得拍攝軍事設施、檢查站或安全部隊。根據摩洛哥法律，表達對撒哈拉獨立的支持是非法的，並被視為對領土完整的攻擊。
應避免的區域
由於有地雷和武裝衝突風險，您應該避開護堤以北和以西30公里內的所有區域。波利薩裡奧陣線控制的護堤以南和以東的整個區域實際上都是禁區。該區域佈滿大片雷區，基礎建設極差，偶爾會有軍事活動。您不能從摩洛哥控制區合法穿越護堤。進入波利薩裡奧陣線控制區的唯一途徑是經由阿爾及利亞，但即使這條路線也極為困難，需要特殊許可。護堤沿線的緩衝區是一條軍事分界線，兩側各延伸約5公里。嚴禁平民進入。摩洛哥和波利薩裡奧陣線部隊都在該地區巡邏，該地區是該地區地雷密度最高的地區。東北部距離阿爾及利亞邊境20至30公里的區域也是另一個需要避開的區域，因為該地區軍事力量密集、局勢不穩定，而且難以確定確切的邊界位置。摩洛哥與阿爾及利亞的邊境仍然關閉。遠離主幹道的偏遠沙漠地區風險極大。這些地區缺乏基本服務，手機訊號有限甚至完全沒有訊號，並且散佈著未爆炸的彈藥。如果您的車輛拋錨，救援可能要幾天後才能到來。沙塵暴可能突然來襲，使能見度降至零。近年來，達赫拉以南通往茅利塔尼亞的海岸線因開發建設而有所改善，但這條路經過偏遠地區。請務必在白天行走這條路線，並確保攜帶充足的補給。摩洛哥和茅利塔尼亞邊境哨所之間3-4公里長的無人區歷史上曾是土匪出沒的地區，路邊還埋有地雷。過境時，請嚴格遵守鋪砌的道路。
