Mauritania

Mauritania的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

腦膜炎疫苗

Because this country is located in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt, vaccination against meningitis is recommended if travelling during the dry season (December to June).

黃熱病疫苗

There is a risk of yellow fever transmission in this country. This country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate for travellers 1 year of age and older arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission. The vaccination is recommended for all travellers aged 9 months and older travelling to areas south of the Sahara Desert, but not for those whose itineraries are limited to areas in the Sahara Desert.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Mauritania的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

**Anti-malaria medication is recommended for travellers going to Mauritania. Recommended medications are atovaquone/proguanil, doxycycline, tafenoquine, or mefloquine. Anti-malaria drug resistance for chloroquine is present.**

Mauritania要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Mauritania.

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Mauritania.

Cholera

Cholera may occur in this country.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever may occur in this country.

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever may occur in this country.

對於一些旅行者

Malaria

**There is a significant risk of malaria in Mauritania except in the regions of Dakhlet Nouadhibou and Tiris Zemmour where there is no transmission.**

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Mauritania, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in this country. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Meningitis

Meningitis outbreaks may occur in this country. Travellers who visit during the dry season (December to June) or expect to have prolonged contact with the local population are especially at risk.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease may occur in this country.

Schistosomiasis

This disease is present in this country and is acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

Yellow Fever

There is a risk of yellow fever transmission in this country. This country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate for travellers 1 year of age and older arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission. The vaccination is recommended for all travellers aged 9 months and older travelling to areas south of the Sahara Desert, but not for those whose itineraries are limited to areas in the Sahara Desert.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Mauritania中的安全性

人身安全

茅利塔尼亞的安全狀況好壞參半。雖然暴力犯罪只發生在特定地區，但安全情勢比一些安全警告所暗示的更為微妙。犯罪率處於中等水平，但呈上升趨勢。扒手、搶包和小偷小摸等犯罪活動時有發生，主要發生在市集、繁忙街道和大眾運輸工具。在努瓦克肖特的特夫拉格澤納（Tevragh Zeina）街區以外，搶劫、持械搶劫和襲擊等暴力犯罪活動更為頻繁。據報道，外國人居住區發生了入室盜竊和光天化日下的搶劫。在努瓦克肖特、勒辛基埃姆（Le Cinquième）、達爾奈姆（Dar Naim）和西特普拉格（Citè Plage）等地區，持刀搶劫的事件時有發生，無論白天還是夜晚。武裝盜賊會將車內和海灘區域的人作為目標，人口走私者劫車的情況時有發生。然而，許多經驗豐富的旅客表示，在茅利塔尼亞大部分地區，尤其是在努瓦克肖特以外地區，他們感到安全。首都努瓦迪布的犯罪率往往高於內陸地區。全國各地設有眾多軍事檢查站，提供顯而易見的安全保障。當地警方缺乏快速應對嚴重犯罪的資源，尤其是在努瓦克肖特以外地區。您會遇到許多安全檢查站，因此應始終攜帶護照和簽證副本。由於盜匪和劫車風險，請避開無人巡邏的海灘。天黑後應避免前往努瓦克肖特第五區。

極端暴力

自 2011 年以來，茅利塔尼亞尚未遭受重大恐怖攻擊，但也不能排除發生恐怖攻擊的可能性。最近一次重大事件是 2011 年 12 月在馬利邊境附近發生的綁架一名憲兵事件。此後再也沒有發生過恐怖事件，不過 2023 年 3 月，據報道，四名與伊斯蘭馬格里布基地組織有關聯的囚犯在越獄前殺死了兩名獄警。恐怖主義仍然是一個潛在風險，特別是在馬利邊境附近武裝團體正在與活躍的叛亂分子作戰的地區。這種暴力事件可能會蔓延到邊境以外。極端組織和武裝走私者在北部和東部地區活動。包括「支持伊斯蘭和穆斯林聯盟」和「大撒哈拉伊斯蘭國」在內的恐怖組織可能會穿越鬆懈的邊界。整個薩赫勒地區都存在綁架風險，西方人是首選目標。綁架威脅在馬利-茅利塔尼亞邊境附近最為嚴重，而在茅利塔尼亞西部和努瓦克肖特則相對較低。人質被扣押數月後才獲釋。政府已採取強有力的反恐措施，包括設置大量路障和安全檢查站、增加軍事部署以及進行去極端化計畫。茅利塔尼亞政府在馬利附近劃定了某些“禁行區”，禁止外國人進入。警方無法應對這些地區的大多數事件，也沒有手機訊號覆蓋和鋪設的道路。恐怖攻擊可能不分皂白，並可能以西方人經常光顧的場所為目標，包括飯店、餐廳和交通樞紐。

政治動盪

努瓦克肖特隨時可能發生示威活動，但近年來政治動盪相對受到控制。 2019 年總統大選標誌著自 1960 年獨立以來兩位民選總統之間的首次民主權力交接。然而，2019 年選舉後的抗議活動導致約 100 人被捕，網路被切斷。至少有 13 名抗議者被判入獄。 2024 年總統選舉出現了選後抗議活動，安全部隊在卡埃迪、博格、努瓦迪布等城市和努瓦克肖特的一些街區與示威者發生衝突，造成三人死亡。衝突後，行動網路存取被切斷。政府發起的抗議活動通常不會發生意外，而反對派和民間社會的示威活動則經常遭到警方鎮壓。註冊政黨不需要獲得許可即可舉行示威活動，但非政府組織的組織者必須申請大型集會許可，而許可有時會因政治動機而被拒絕。安全部隊曾多次暴力驅散抗議者。 2022年，警方暴力驅散了一場針對教育改革的抗議活動，造成包括一名記者在內的數人受傷。 2023年，警方拘留期間發生的死亡事件引發了抗議活動，最終導致抗議活動遭到暴力鎮壓。針對人口普查政策、學生運動和歧視問題的抗議活動時有發生。雖然近年來抗議活動的暴力程度與2011-2012年相比有所下降，但您仍應避免參與政治集會和示威活動，並遵循地方政府的建議。

應避免的區域

出於安全考慮，茅利塔尼亞的幾個地區應避免進入。政府劃定了一些“禁行區”，禁止外國人和大多數茅利塔尼亞人進入。這些地區靠近馬利，武裝團體在那裡與叛亂分子進行激烈鬥爭，叛亂活動可能蔓延至邊境以外。這些區域的邊界經常變化。坎科薩、阿赫雷吉特、加拉維亞、祖埃拉特和費德里克之間劃定的邊界以東，向西延伸至西撒哈拉邊境的地區存在嚴重的組織犯罪風險。在馬利南部，距離馬利邊境25公里以內的地區，包括卡布，面臨來自馬里卡伊地區邊境對面恐怖主義和有組織犯罪活動的加劇。國防部在東北部切加特、艾因本蒂利、達爾蒂奇特和萊姆雷耶之間設立了一個軍事區，禁止平民進入。武裝叛亂分子在瓦拉塔-蒂奇特-瓦丹-祖埃拉特線以外的北部地區活動。西撒哈拉邊境25公里範圍內，20至30公里寬的區域面臨未爆炸地雷的風險。地雷會隨著沙丘的移動而移動。提里斯-澤穆爾省、阿薩巴省、霍德加爾比省、戈爾戈爾省和圭迪馬卡省，以及加拉維亞省、阿赫雷吉特省和坎科薩省交界以西的阿薩德省和塔甘特省地區，面臨較高的土匪和綁架風險。在努瓦克肖特境內，天黑後應避開勒辛基埃姆區、達爾奈姆區及西特普拉格區。應始終避免前往努瓦克肖特境內沒有燈光和偏僻的海灘。需要注意的是，欽蓋提、瓦達內等熱門旅遊景點以及努瓦克肖特-努瓦迪佈公路沿線地區通常可以進入，但一些諮詢機構對阿薩德地區的部分地區給予了謹慎的評級。