Libya
關於Libya
| 貨幣 | Libyan dinar (LYD) |
| 語言 | Arabic: with Italian and English widely spoken |
| 資本金 | Tripoli |
Libya is a country in northern Africa that shares borders with the countries of Tunisia, Algeria, Niger, Chad, Sudan, and Egypt and has a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. The population is about 6.2 million people. There is a transitional government with a president as chief of state and prime minister as head of government.
Libya was an Italian colony from about 1911 until World War II when the Italians and Germans were defeated in the North African Campaign. In a peace treaty in 1947 with the Allies, Libya gained independence from Italy. In 1969, Muammar Gaddafi staged a military coup, ousted the king, and began a system that combined Islam and socialism.
Civil unrest erupted in 2011, and the government’s crackdown on the protests led to a civil war. Gadaffi was killed in October 2011, ending his 42-year rule. In 2012, Libyans voted in the first free national elections in about 60 years, and elected a General National Congress. However, at the time of writing, political instability and lack of security are significant problems for this country.
Travellers to this country can visit oasis towns, ancient ruins, and five UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Libya的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended. Infants 6 to 11 months old should also be vaccinated against the disease.
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
對於一些旅行者
麻疹,腮腺炎,風疹(MMR)疫苗
One dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) is recommended to infants 6 to 11 months prior to international travel.
卡介苗芽孢桿菌(BCG)疫苗
A BCG vaccine is recommended for all unvaccinated adults and children under 16 years of age, staying in the country for more than 3 months. A tuberculin skin test is required prior to administering vaccination for all children from 6 years of age.
傷寒疫苗
There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
Libya的推薦藥物
目前沒有針對Libya的建議。
Libya要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Hepatitis B
There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Libya.
Hepatitis A
There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Libya through contaminated food or water.
對於一些旅行者
Leishmaniasis
There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in the country. The infection is transmitted by the bite of infected phlebotomine sandfly.
Hanta Virus
There is a risk of acquiring hantavirus in Libya through contaminated food or by coming into contact with someone infected with the virus.
West Nile Fever
The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.
Rift Valley Fever (RVF)
Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.
Measles
There is a risk of exposure to measles in the country.
Schistosomiasis
This disease may occur sporadically in this country.
Typhoid Fever
Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Libya, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis occurs in Libya. Travellers to Libya are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.
Rabies
Rabies occurs in Libya. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.
Libya中的安全性
人身安全
利比亞對旅行者和遊客來說仍然極其危險。全國犯罪率居高不下,綁架勒索贖金一直是針對外國人和商務旅客的持續威脅。武裝團體控制著不同地區,幾乎肆無忌憚地活動。包括的黎波里和班加西在內的主要城市經常發生暴力搶劫和劫車事件。由於多年的武裝衝突,未爆炸地雷、集束彈藥和未爆彈遍布全國,包括人口稠密的地區。用紅白塑膠膠帶標記的區域表示地雷危險。敵對民兵之間的領土爭端可能在幾乎沒有任何預警的情況下爆發武裝衝突,衝突中經常使用大口徑武器和居民區內的火箭推進榴彈。此前,飯店和機場曾成為攻擊目標。該國有兩個相互競爭的政府,分別在不同的城市運作,中央對安全部隊的控制有限。大多數西方國家大使館於2014年暫停運營,並且不提供地面領事支援。緊急應變服務極為有限,沒有統一的緊急電話號碼。燃料和電力等基本服務可能不可靠,經常出現短缺和停電。
極端暴力
恐怖主義仍然是一個活躍的威脅,包括「伊斯蘭國」和伊斯蘭馬格里布基地組織在內的恐怖組織在利比亞活動,尤其是在南部費贊地區和邊境地區。雖然自2015年以來沒有公開報導過針對外國人的重大恐怖事件,但恐怖攻擊可能在幾乎沒有預警的情況下針對公共場所、飯店、交通樞紐、市場和政府設施發動。綁架事件普遍存在,受害者包括外國人和商務旅客。犯罪集團進行綁架,並可能將人質賣給恐怖組織。西方石油和天然氣工人被視為高價值目標。武裝民兵和團體實施任意拘留、酷刑、強迫失蹤和法外處決。萬人坑不斷被發現,國際機構記錄了戰爭罪行。人口販運和走私網絡公開運作,移民在拘留中心和武裝團體中遭受極端暴力、酷刑和勒索。國際刑事法院對被控在衝突期間犯下謀殺、酷刑、性暴力和強姦罪的民兵領導人的逮捕令仍未執行。武裝團體透過恐嚇和暴力手段強制推行對伊斯蘭教義的詮釋。外國僱傭兵仍在該國各地活動。司法系統運作不暢,導致暴力加害者無法承擔責任。
政治動盪
利比亞自 2011 年以來深陷政治危機,兩個敵對政府爭奪合法性和控制權。民族團結政府在西部的黎波里運作,而得到利比亞國民軍支持的敵對政府則從托布魯克控制東部大部分地區。原定於 2021 年 12 月舉行的總統和國會選舉被無限期推遲,未就選舉法或憲法框架達成協議。東西部武裝部隊 2020 年停火協議基本上有效,但再次爆發戰鬥的風險依然存在,敵對民兵之間會定期爆發武裝衝突。 2022 年 8 月、2023 年 5 月、2023 年 8 月和 2025 年 5 月,的黎波里爆發了重大暴力事件,涉及大口徑武器和爆炸物。民族團結臨時政府對安全部隊的控制有限,武裝團體圍繞著城市、街區和部落組織起來。利比亞各地爆發抗議活動,抗議政治僵局、腐敗和缺乏基本服務。圍繞中央銀行控制權和石油收入的爭議已導致生產停擺,影響了經濟。外國軍隊和僱傭兵仍在該國活動。在發生安全事件時,機場和邊境可能會在未經警告的情況下關閉。政治局勢依然脆弱且難以預測,如果僵局持續下去,人們擔心經濟可能崩潰。
應避免的區域
利比亞全國面臨嚴峻的安全風險,但部分地區尤其危險。與阿爾及利亞、尼日、查德和蘇丹接壤的邊境地區極度危險,土匪活動猖獗,部落武裝勢力猖獗,綁架威脅極高。恐怖組織利用這些邊境地區作為基地,進行人口走私和武器販運等活動。扎維耶和的黎波里之間的沿海公路極易遭受極端組織武裝襲擊和綁架。利比亞西南部的費贊地區是「伊斯蘭國」和「基地」組織的基地。東部城市德爾納素有伊斯蘭激進分子活動的歷史。班加西、米蘇拉塔、艾季達比亞、蘇爾曼、朱夫拉和祖瓦拉週邊地區民兵武裝衝突頻繁。巴尼沃利德鎮因武裝團體專門對難民進行酷刑和勒索而臭名昭著。的黎波里國際機場自2014年武裝衝突爆發以來一直處於關閉狀態。米蒂加機場是的黎波里唯一仍在營運的民用機場,因戰亂而暫時關閉。所有通往利比亞的陸地邊界都可能暫時關閉。沙漠道路未鋪設,有地雷風險。全國各地的前衝突地區都留有未爆炸的彈藥。請避免駛離交通繁忙的道路和小路。利比亞南部局勢尤其動盪,政府控制有限,有多個武裝團體。