Eritrea

Eritrea的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended. Infants 6 to 11 months old should also be vaccinated against the disease.

對於一些旅行者

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission, and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

黃熱病疫苗

There is a low risk of yellow fever transmission in some areas of Eritrea. This country requires a certificate of yellow fever vaccination for all travellers 9 months of age or older if travelling from a country with risk of yellow fever virus transmission or if transiting more than 12 hours in an airport located in a country with risk of yellow fever virus transmission. Vaccination is generally not recommended for travellers going to the following states: Anseba, Debub, Gash Barka, Mae Kel and Semenawi Keih Bahri. The vaccination is not recommended for all other areas not listed.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

One dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) is recommended to infants 6 to 11 months prior to international travel.

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

A BCG vaccine is recommended for all unvaccinated adults and children under 16 years of age, staying in the country for more than 3 months. A tuberculin skin test is required prior to administering vaccination for all children from 6 years of age.

腦膜炎疫苗

Because this country is located in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt, vaccination against meningitis is recommended if travelling during the dry season (December to June).

Eritrea的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Recommended anti-malaria medications include atovaquone-proguanil, mefloquine or doxycycline. Resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxime-pyrimethamine has been reported.

Eritrea要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Eritrea.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever may occur in this country

Cholera

Cholera outbreaks occur in Eritrea. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Eritrea through contaminated food or water.

Dengue Fever

Outbreaks of dengue fever may occur.

對於一些旅行者

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in the country. The infection is transmitted by the bite of infected phlebotomine sandfly.

Malaria

All areas of Eritrea at altitudes below 2,200 meters are at high risk for malaria, except Asmara where there is no risk.

African Tick Bite Fever

This disease may occur in the country.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring hantavirus in Eritrea through contaminated food or by coming into contact with someone infected with the virus.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever in Eritrea.

West Nile Fever

The virus is transmitted to animals, birds and humans by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, and skin rash.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Commonly spread via contact with domesticated animals infected with the virus. These include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, among others.

Sleeping Sickness (Type 1)

African trypanosomiasis occurs in Eritrea. Travellers to urban areas are not at risk.

Measles

There is a risk of exposure to measles in the country.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in Eritrea. Travellers to Eritrea are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Meningitis

Meningitis outbreaks may occur in Eritrea. Travellers who visit during the dry season (December to June) or expect to have prolonged contact with the local population are especially at risk.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Eritrea, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Schistosomiasis

This disease is present in this country and is acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

Yellow Fever

There is a low risk of yellow fever transmission in some areas of Eritrea. This country requires a certificate of yellow fever vaccination for all travellers 9 months of age or older if travelling from a country with risk of yellow fever virus transmission or if transiting more than 12 hours in an airport located in a country with risk of yellow fever virus transmission. Vaccination is generally not recommended for travellers going to the following states: Anseba, Debub, Gash Barka, Mae Kel and Semenawi Keih Bahri. The vaccination is not recommended for all other areas not listed.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in Eritrea. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Eritrea中的安全性

人身安全

與許多非洲國家的首都相比，阿斯馬拉相對安全，針對外國人的暴力犯罪極為罕見。街頭犯罪（包括扒手）確實存在，但發生頻率低於許多歐洲城市。您可以從清晨到午夜在阿斯馬拉市中心四處走走，但夜間應避開人跡罕至的區域。小偷小摸常發生在人流密集的地方，例如市場、公車站和旅遊景點。很大一部分公民可以透過政府的民兵計畫獲得槍支，但這並沒有增加暴力犯罪率。全國各地的街頭犯罪在天黑後增加。整體犯罪率非常低，即使在城市地區，搶劫和搶劫也很少見。然而，阿斯馬拉以外的地區受到旅行限制。您需要許可證才能前往左巴麥克爾省以外的地方，申請可能需要數天時間，而且無法保證獲得批准。當局要求您隨時攜帶身分證明。請隨身攜帶護照照片頁的複印件，並妥善保管正本。網路連線受到嚴格限制，主要僅限於飯店和少數網路咖啡廳。阿斯馬拉以外的行動網路不穩定，國際SIM卡無法使用。購買本地SIM卡需要居留許可，而辦理過程需要數週時間。據報道，政府正在監控當地通訊。

極端暴力

厄立特里亞近期未發生恐怖主義事件，攻擊事件發生的可能性依然不大。近年來，厄立特里亞未發生恐怖事件。然而，綁架在厄立特里亞各地構成風險，隨時隨地都可能發生。與蘇丹接壤的邊境地區面臨土匪和叛亂分子實施搶劫和暴力活動的高度威脅，包括炸彈攻擊。武裝團體在邊境地區及其周邊活動。紅海南部地區是海上犯罪的熱點地區，亞丁灣和印度洋的海盜風險很高。未經許可進入厄立特里亞水域的船隻已被扣押，船員也被拘留。該地區面臨胡塞武裝分子擾亂紅海航運的持續軍事活動，但活動範圍仍僅限於紅海和葉門。所有邊境地區局勢依然緊張，飛彈或火箭攻擊的風險增加。儘管2018年簽署了和平協議，但與衣索比亞的邊境口岸已經關閉，邊境仍然高度軍事化。由於持續的領土衝突，吉布地邊境地區可能發生武裝對抗和軍事活動。所有邊境附近的安全局勢仍然不穩定，可能會在未經通知的情況下迅速變化。

政治動盪

厄立特里亞自1993年獨立以來從未舉行選舉。自那時起，未經選舉的總統一直實行一黨制。自2010年以來，該國沒有立法機構召開過會議。政府對民眾實行鐵腕統治，不允許任何自由媒體、公民社會組織或政治反對派的存在。政治壓迫是系統性的、普遍的。 1997年起草的憲法從未實施。言論、表達、集會和結社自由受到嚴格限制。由於政府的嚴密控制，示威活動極為罕見。任何抗議活動都會被毫不留情地鎮壓。公民不敢公開反對政府，擔心遭到報復。數千名政治犯和良心犯未經指控或審判就被關押，常常被單獨監禁多年。自2001年以來，記者一直被未經指控就監禁。政府強制執行無限期的義務兵役和國民服役，並針對涉嫌逃避兵役者進行大規模徵兵。當局未經正當程序，集體沒收逃避兵役者的家屬，沒收財產、企業和牲畜。政府進行跨國鎮壓，利用駐外使館監視、威脅和騷擾批評政權的僑民。安全部隊有權逮捕平民並實施任意拘留。當局未經通知或解釋便進入民宅。全國各地可能隨時採取額外的安全措施。

應避免的區域

距離所有陸地邊界至少25公里。衣索比亞邊境仍然軍事化，整個邊境地區都佈滿了地雷。所有衣索比亞邊境口岸均已關閉。兩國軍隊仍部署在禁止過境的邊境地區。局勢依然緊張，飛彈和火箭攻擊的風險增加。具體危險的邊境城鎮包括佐羅納、胡梅拉和扎拉姆貝薩。應避免前往包括阿薩布港在內的紅海南部地區。請勿前往蘇丹邊境地區，尤其是泰塞納和巴倫圖兩鎮以及阿戈爾達特、納克法和巴倫圖以北和以西的地區。武裝匪徒和叛亂分子在蘇丹邊境活動，搶劫、暴力和炸彈攻擊的威脅很高。自2023年以來，蘇丹的衝突加劇了局勢的不穩定。距離吉布地邊境至少25公里，自2008年以來，該地區的領土衝突和政治緊張局勢持續存在。可能會發生武裝對抗和軍事活動。所有邊境地區以及馬薩瓦以北的沿海地區犯罪和盜匪活動更為猖獗。地雷和未爆彈藥污染了馬薩瓦、金達、阿戈爾達特、巴倫圖、泰塞納以南、納克法、阿迪凱赫、阿雷扎、德克姆哈雷以及埃塞俄比亞邊境附近塞蒂特河與梅雷布河之間約40公里寬的區域。克倫以北和以西的地區也佈滿了雷區。在鄉村地區行走和徒步旅行十分危險。新的雷區不斷被發現。大多數地方的邊界通常沒有標記，也不清楚。