Iraq

Iraq的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission, and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

BCG vaccine is recommended for those at increased risk from coming in close contact with infected persons or for unvaccinated, children under 16 years of age, who will live in Iraq for more than 3 months.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

Iraq的推薦藥物

目前沒有針對Iraq的建議。

Iraq要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Iraq.

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Iraq through contaminated food or water.

Cholera

Cholera does occur in this country.

對於一些旅行者

Measles

There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.

Leishmaniasis

There is a risk of acquiring Leishmaniasis in this country through sand fly bites, particularly between dusk to dawn. Adventure tourists, outdoor athletes, or humanitarian aid workers are at a higher risk.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

There is a risk of acquiring Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in this country through specific insect, bug or tick bites or by coming in close contact with a person or animal infected with this disease. Travellers involved in activities like hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas are at a higher risk. There are no vaccinations (or medications) to prevent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

MERS

There is a risk of acquiring MERS-CoV in this country. Scientists do not fully understand how the MERS virus spreads. It is a viral infection transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infected camels or camel-related products. Limited person-to-person transmission through coughing and sneezing from infected persons, typically in healthcare settings, has also been reported. There is currently no vaccine to prevent MERS.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in this country, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in this country. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Malaria

The World Health Organization reports that there is a limited risk of malaria infection from May to November in areas in the north below 1,500 metres (Dunhok, Erbil and Sulaimaniya Provinces). Anti-malaria medications are not recommended. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control reports no malaria transmission in Iraq.

Schistosomiasis

This disease is present in this country and is acquired through contact with fresh water, such as swimming, bathing, or rafting. Well-chlorinated swimming pools and contact with saltwater in oceans or seas will not put travellers at risk for schistosomiasis.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Iraq中的安全性

人身安全

自 2019 年 ISIS 被擊敗以來，伊拉克的安全狀況已顯著改善，但風險仍然存在。恐怖主義持續構成威脅，ISIS 殘餘勢力偶爾發動攻擊，尤其是在安巴爾省、迪亞拉省、基爾庫克省、尼尼微省和薩拉赫丁省。 2024 年 1 月至 6 月，ISIS 宣布對 153 起攻擊負責，顯示其活動較前幾年增加。綁架外國人仍然是一個令人擔憂的問題，既有意識形態動機，也有經濟動機。即使在白天，劫車也很常見，尤其是從約旦和科威特到巴格達的高速公路。與伊朗結盟的民兵組織也透過無人機和火箭攻擊聯盟利益，構成威脅。假檢查站被用來策劃綁架和搶劫。巴格達的安全狀況已顯著改善，但恐怖主義威脅仍然存在，包括 2021 年 7 月的自殺式爆炸。卡爾巴拉、納傑夫和巴士拉等南部地區整體較為平靜。庫德斯坦地區擁有自己的安全機構，被認為較為穩定。該國境內設有眾多軍事和警察檢查站，雖然耗時較長，但能確保安全。靠近土耳其和敘利亞的北部邊境地區面臨跨國緊張局勢，應避免前往。示威和抗議活動頻繁，並可能演變成暴力衝突，安全部隊會使用催淚瓦斯、水砲和實彈。由於恐怖主義、部落衝突和宗派衝突，謀殺率仍然居高不下。

極端暴力

伊拉克繼續面臨極端主義暴力威脅，儘管自 2019 年 ISIS 失去領土控制以來，情況已大大改善。 ISIS 目前是一股叛亂力量，定期從偏遠的沙漠地區發動攻擊，特別是先前經歷過激烈戰鬥的省份。伊拉克安全部隊透過定期反恐行動對 ISIS 殘餘勢力保持壓力。 2022 年，攻擊次數與前幾年相比大幅減少，但仍發生了 408 起恐怖事件。組織的能力仍然僅限於打了就跑、伏擊和偶爾的爆炸。攻擊目標是伊拉克安全部隊和平民，手段包括自殺式爆炸、簡易爆炸裝置和小型武器射擊。安全巡邏不頻繁的地區面臨的風險更高。與伊朗結盟的民兵組織在伊拉克活動，有時藐視政府權威並從事破壞穩定的活動。這些組織對聯盟利益進行了間接火力攻擊和簡易爆炸裝置攻擊。據紀錄顯示，武裝團體還肆無忌憚地綁架、折磨和殺害LGBTQ族群。土耳其軍隊對伊拉克北部的庫德工人黨目標進行空襲，偶爾造成平民傷亡。雖然與衝突高峰期相比，整體安全環境已趨於穩定，但個別極端暴力事件仍在繼續，外國人仍然是恐怖主義和犯罪組織的高價值目標。大多數攻擊發生在特定省份，而非旅遊區，但威脅仍不容忽視。

政治動盪

2021年大選後，伊拉克經歷了幾十年來最穩定的時期，但政治脆弱性依然存在。 2021年10月至2022年10月期間，伊拉克擺脫了嚴重的政治危機，議會難以組成政府。什葉派政治派別之間的緊張關係，尤其是穆克塔達·薩德爾的追隨者和伊朗支持的協調框架之間的緊張關係，導致2022年8月抗議者衝擊綠區時發生暴力衝突，造成至少15人死亡。穆罕默德·什葉派·蘇丹尼於2022年10月就任總理，並獲得高支持率，暫時穩定了局勢。然而，2019年大規模抗議活動背後的潛在不滿仍未解決，包括對腐敗、失業、服務品質差、基礎設施惡化和宗派政治的抱怨。抗議活動持續不時爆發，尤其是在南部省份，抗議活動針對的是糟糕的服務和腐敗。安全部隊頻繁使用催淚瓦斯、水砲和實彈等過度武力驅散示威者。對抗議者的暴力鎮壓和對報道抗議活動的記者的逮捕仍在持續。巴格達聯邦政府與庫德斯坦地區政府之間因自治、石油收入和領土爭端而緊張。政治內鬥阻礙了兒童保護和家庭暴力等問題的關鍵立法。儘管安全狀況有所改善，但86%的伊拉克人認為政府貪腐現象普遍存在，這一比例位居全球最高之列，76%的受訪者認為選舉不誠實。地區緊張局勢，尤其是涉及伊朗支持的民兵和美軍的緊張局勢，繼續造成不穩定。當局暫時實施宵禁，政治局勢可能在幾乎沒有任何預警的情況下迅速惡化。

應避免的區域

由於持續的衝突和跨境緊張局勢，應完全避開邊境地區。西部的敘利亞-伊拉克邊境是沙漠地帶，ISIS殘餘勢力在失去摩蘇爾後撤退至此，因此很難確定兩國之間地區的控制者。北部的土耳其-伊拉克邊境經常發生跨國軍事行動，土耳其軍隊對庫德工人黨陣地進行打擊。邊境附近武裝團體控制的地區面臨空襲和衝突的風險。伊朗-伊拉克邊境也面臨挑戰，一些邊境地區由與伊朗結盟的民兵組織控制。曾被ISIS嚴重佔領的省份，包括安巴爾省、尼尼微省（尤其是摩蘇爾週邊）、迪亞拉省、基爾庫克省和薩拉赫丁省的部分地區，仍持續遭受週期性攻擊，部分地區的安全部隊部署有限。雖然像摩蘇爾這樣的城市對於採取適當預防措施的遊客來說通常是安全的，但周邊農村地區仍然風險較高。伊拉克西部主要城市之間的沙漠地區較為孤立，容易發生叛亂活動。伊拉克北部辛賈爾附近地區武裝團體頻繁出沒，土耳其也頻頻空襲，因此不適合出遊。軍事基地和聯軍設施附近地區面臨火箭和無人機攻擊的風險。儘管掃雷工作仍在進行中，但伊拉克部分地區，尤其是庫德斯坦地區，仍有未識別雷區。請注意警示標誌，切勿在激烈戰鬥地區偏離既定路線。靠近科威特邊境的南部沼澤地基礎設施和服務有限。