Honduras
關於Honduras
| 貨幣 | Lempira (HNL) |
| 語言 | Spanish |
| 資本金 | Tegucigalpa |
The Republic of Honduras is located in Central America bordering Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El Salvador and with coastline on the Caribbean Sea and a short coastline on the Pacific coast. The population is approximately 8.4 million people.
Frequent revolutions characterised the 20th century in Honduras. Since 1952, military rule and coups have alternated with civilian governments. Honduras achieved a democratically elected civilian government in 1982 after about 25 years of military (dictatorship) rule. The government is a constitutional republic with a president as chief of state and head of government.
At least 50 percent of the population lives below the poverty line. Years of military rule, poverty, crime and natural disasters have left Honduras one of the poorest countries in the world. Hurricane Mitch in 1998 decimated crops and transportation infrastructure, setting the country back by at least 50 years. In 2008, severe flooding wiped out or damaged half the country’s roads.
After a 2009 coup, tourism declined dramatically. However, since 2011, the tourism industry has had a slow but steady recovery. Travellers can visit Maya ruins, the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), beaches, national parks and colonial cities.
Honduras的建議疫苗接種
對於大多數旅行者
甲型肝炎疫苗
There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
乙肝疫苗
There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.
對於一些旅行者
傷寒疫苗
There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities, rural areas, or staying with friends and family.
黃熱病疫苗
There is no risk of yellow fever transmission in Honduras. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers over 1 year of age arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission. Travellers transiting for more than 12 hours through an airport in a country/territory at risk for yellow fever transmission would also require a certificate.
狂犬病疫苗
Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.
Honduras的推薦藥物
對於一些旅行者
抗瘧藥
Anti-malaria medication is recommended for travellers going to risk areas of Honduras. The U.S. CDC recommends atovaquone-proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine or primaquine. NaTHNac and WHO recommend chloroquine only.
Honduras要注意的疾病
對於大多數旅行者
Hepatitis A
There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Honduras.
Chikungunya Fever
Chikungunya fever has occurred in this country.
Hepatitis B
There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Honduras.
Dengue Fever
Dengue fever occurs year-round in Honduras.
對於一些旅行者
Malaria
Malaria transmission risk is throughout the country including the Island of Roatán and other Bay Islands. There is no risk in San Pedro Sula and Tegucigalpa.
Typhoid Fever
Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Honduras, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.
Chagas Disease
American trypanosomiasis (“Chagas disease”) occurs in this country. However, the risk of travellers acquiring this disease is very low unless staying in very poor quality housing or camping.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis occurs in this country. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.
Zika Fever
There is transmission of the Zika virus in this country.
Yellow Fever
There is no risk of yellow fever transmission. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers over 1 year of age arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission. Travellers transiting for more than 12 hours through an airport in a country/territory at risk for yellow fever transmission would also require a certificate.
Rabies
Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.
Honduras中的安全性
人身安全
宏都拉斯是世界上犯罪率最高的國家之一,人身安全是遊客最關心的問題。 2024年,全國兇殺率為每10萬人25.3起,較2011年每10萬人超過86起的歷史高點呈下降趨勢,但該國仍是拉丁美洲暴力犯罪最猖獗的國家之一。幫派活動、敲詐勒索、武裝搶劫、綁架和街頭暴力犯罪猖獗,主要由MS-13和Barrio 18幫派以及販毒組織推動。這些組織透過敲詐勒索控制許多貧困的城市社區,經常向居民和企業徵收戰爭稅。據估計,由於害怕報復,99%的犯罪案件沒有報案,只有4%的兇殺案最終被定罪。政府於 2022 年 12 月宣布進入緊急狀態,暫停了全國 298 個市鎮中的 226 個市鎮的憲法權利,並允許警察無令搜查和逮捕。儘管採取了這些措施,暴力事件依然存在,安全部隊本身在 2022 年 12 月至 2024 年 12 月期間就涉嫌參與了 798 多起侵犯人權的投訴。小偷小摸在城市、汽車站、機場和觀光區很常見。犯罪分子經常在 ATM 取款後瞄準人們。針對巴士(包括城際長途汽車)的武裝攻擊時有發生。詐騙分子在全國各地活動,快遞綁架是一種風險。當地警方缺乏資源,往往無法有效應對嚴重事件。您應該避免在該國任何地方在天黑後外出。海灣群島,包括羅阿坦島、烏提拉島和瓜納哈島,警力更強,犯罪率低於大陸,但 2024 年那裡的兇殺案有所增加,使海灣群島成為全國兇殺案最多的地區。
極端暴力
洪都拉斯歷來是全球暴力事件最猖獗的國家之一,儘管極端暴力事件已從高峰水準下降。幫派暴力仍然是極端暴力事件的主要驅動因素,尤其是 MS-13 和 Barrio 18,這兩個幫派在全國範圍內活動的成員估計共有 4 萬名。這些幫派從事謀殺、勒索、販毒和領土戰爭。在宏都拉斯出生的男孩有九分之一的幾率被謀殺,洪都拉斯的青少年兇殺率位居世界首位。與幫派有關的勒索影響了超過 20 萬個家庭,拒絕繳納戰爭稅的人將面臨死亡威脅和謀殺。多人被殺和大規模槍擊事件時有發生,發生在城市中心。 2023 年 6 月,幫派成員在塔瑪拉女子監獄的監獄大屠殺中殺害了至少 46 名女性。當月的另一起事件中,據稱 Barrio 18 成員在喬洛馬殺害了至少 13 人作為報復。極端暴力事件集中在特古西加爾巴、聖佩德羅蘇拉和拉塞瓦,佔 2015 年所有兇殺案的 40% 以上。然而,犯罪集團一直在向其他地區擴張,特別是販毒地區。由於安全部隊在緊急狀態下部署,政府軍與武裝團體之間的戰鬥在 2022 年至 2023 年間增加了 45%。儘管政府採取了嚴厲措施,但針對平民的武裝衝突和暴力事件仍在繼續。絕大多數暴力犯罪都使用槍枝。東部邊境的格拉西亞斯-阿迪奧斯省尤其危險,毒品販運猖獗,基礎設施薄弱,政府服務有限,警察力量稀缺。人權捍衛者、記者和環保活動家面臨定點清除的危險。 2024 年 1 月至 9 月期間,至少有四名人權捍衛者被謀殺。
政治動盪
抗議和示威活動在洪都拉斯各地頻繁發生,可能在任何地方發生,幾乎沒有人注意到。雖然抗議活動通常是和平的,但可能會迅速演變成暴力事件,導致法律和秩序普遍崩潰,甚至發生搶劫。常見問題包括政治爭端、經濟問題、教育和醫療改革以及腐敗。抗議活動通常集中在大城市,尤其是特古西加爾巴、聖佩德羅蘇拉和拉塞瓦,但當局可能會在任何地方設置路障,造成嚴重的交通中斷。在特古西加爾巴,示威活動通常發生在總統府和市中心附近。在聖佩德羅蘇拉,抗議者通常聚集在母親紀念碑。警方經常使用催淚瓦斯回應,衝突中發生了傷亡。 2017 年至 2018 年選舉爭議後的抗議活動導致 23 人死亡,1,300 多人被捕。 2019 年反對醫療和教育私有化的抗議活動中,防暴警察與示威者發生衝突,建築物被焚燒,暴力衝突造成數十人死亡。 2024 年,在曝光官員與毒販有聯繫的影片後,政府指責反對者策劃政變,政治緊張局勢升級。數千人參加了火炬遊行,反對政府決定,包括 2024 年 9 月反對取消美國引渡條約的抗議活動。自 2021 年以來,政治對抗不斷加劇,該國將在 2025 年舉行選舉,專家警告說,這可能會加劇選舉暴力。洪都拉斯的政治兩極化嚴重,這源於 2009 年的政變和隨後有爭議的選舉。外國人參與政治活動是非法的。如果您參加抗議活動或試圖突破封鎖,您可能會被拘留和驅逐出境。持續的緊急狀態允許當局限制受影響城市的行動和集會自由。
應避免的區域
您應該避免前往洪都拉斯的多個地區,或者對此保持高度警惕。最東部的格拉西亞斯-阿迪奧斯省是不可前往的。該地區地處偏遠,犯罪活動猖獗,毒品販運猖獗,基礎設施薄弱,政府服務有限,警察和軍事力量稀缺。聖佩德羅蘇拉是世界上最危險的城市之一,並在過去幾年中獲得了世界謀殺之都的稱號。幫派戰爭和與警察的鬥毆屢見不鮮。該市的犯罪指數為 80%,安全評級僅為 19%。如果必須途經聖佩德羅蘇拉,請不要逗留,並徹底避開夜間前往該市。首都特古西加爾巴市郊的貧民區幫派活動猖獗。該市的犯罪指數為 75%,犯罪率為 89%。白天獨自行走的安全評級僅 34%,夜間僅 10%。您應該避免在市內行走,切勿獨自行走。拉塞瓦雖然以生態旅遊之都聞名,但犯罪率卻很高。它是前往海灣群島的中轉站,因此應盡量減少在那裡停留的時間。埃爾普羅格雷索的犯罪率指數為80,暴力犯罪率為89。加勒比海沿岸的特拉的犯罪指數為79,暴力犯罪率為88。由於犯罪活動猖獗,請避開與薩爾瓦多、危地馬拉和尼加拉瓜接壤的邊境地區。洪都拉斯-尼加拉瓜邊境地區存在未標示的雷區,尤其是在某些路段。特別危險的路線包括從胡蒂卡爾帕到特利卡的路段,以及從瓜拉科沿著39號公路到聖埃斯特萬和東博尼圖的路段。在特古西加爾巴和特魯希略之間,應使用RN39公路,途經瓜拉科、聖埃斯特萬和東博尼圖,而不要使用RN41公路,途經薩拉馬和薩巴。全國各地偏遠和偏遠地區缺乏警察,容易發生暴力犯罪。