Brazil

Brazil的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

對於一些旅行者

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for infants aged 6 to 11 months.

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

BCG vaccine is recommended for those at increased risk from coming in close contact with infected persons or for unvaccinated, children under 16 years of age, who are going to live in the country for more than 3 months.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

黃熱病疫苗

The yellow fever vaccination is recommended for travelers over 9 months of age going to the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Distrito Federal (including the capital city of Brasília), Espiritu Santo, Goiás, Maranhaõ, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná (including Iguazu Falls), Piaui, Rio de Janeiro (and city), Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo (and city), and Tocantins, and designated areas of Bahia. Vaccination is not recommended for travelers whose itineraries are limited to areas not listed above, including the cities of Fortaleza, and Recife.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through the consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities, rural areas, or staying with friends and family.

Brazil的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Recommended medications are atovaquone/proguanil, doxycycline, or mefloquine. Anti-malaria drug resistance for chloroquine is present.

Brazil要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Brazil.

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Brazil.

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever outbreaks are common in almost every state in Brazil, and the risk to travellers is significant.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever has occurred in this country.

對於一些旅行者

Chagas Disease

American trypanosomiasis is also known as “Chagas disease” and occurs in Brazil.

Measles

There is a risk of acquiring Measles in this country.

West Nile Fever

There is a risk of acquiring West Nile virus in this country.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis occurs in Brazil, especially in the northern and eastern regions in rural areas during heavy rains and flooding.

Zika Fever

There is transmission of the Zika virus in this country.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in Brazil. Travellers to this country are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Brazil, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas and staying with friends or relatives.

Schistosomiasis

The parasite that causes schistosomiasis is found in Brazil. It is found in contaminated freshwater and not in well-chlorinated swimming pools, saltwater, oceans or seas.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in Brazil. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, bikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Yellow Fever

**There is a risk of yellow fever transmission in the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Distrito Federal (including the capital city, Brasília), Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná , Piauí, Rio de Janeiro (including the city of Rio de Janeiro and all coastal islands), Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo (including the city of São Paulo and all coastal islands), Tocantins, and designated areas of Bahia. There is also a risk of transmission for travelers going to Iguaçu Falls.**

Malaria

There is a risk of transmission in all areas in the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Rondônia, and Roraima. Transmission may occur in the small towns and rural areas of the states of Maranhão, Mato Grosso, and Pará, as well as the rural and forested areas in the states of Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, São Paolo, and Tocantins. There is no malaria transmission in the cities of Brasília, Rio de Janeiro, or São Paolo or at Iguaçu Falls.

Brazil中的安全性

人身安全

自2017年以來，巴西的兇殺率一直在下降，從每10萬人31.16人下降到2023年的每10萬人19.28人。然而，犯罪仍然是一個嚴重的問題，尤其是在大城市。扒手和搶包等輕微犯罪主要針對擁擠地區、市場、海灘和公共交通樞紐的遊客。武裝搶劫、劫車和攻擊等暴力犯罪在城市地區晝夜不停地發生。據報道，快速綁架事件時有發生，受害者被短暫扣留，被迫從自動櫃員機提款。約會和吸毒騙局盛行，尤其是在狂歡節期間，犯罪分子會透過約會應用程式或在酒吧鎖定外國人，然後對他們下藥並實施搶劫。您應該避免展示貴重物品、手機或珠寶。幫派活動和有組織犯罪猖獗，與販毒有關。兩大犯罪組織「首都突擊隊」（Primeiro Comando da Capital）和「紅色突擊隊」（Comando Vermelho）控制貧民窟，日益向北部和東北部地區擴張。街頭搶劫通常涉及武器，騎摩托車的盜賊駕車搶劫在聖保羅和阿雷格里港也時有發生。被稱為「arrastões」的大規模搶劫是指成群的犯罪者湧入公共場所搶劫貴重物品。巴西政府已投資加強熱門旅遊區的安全措施，但許多巴西人仍感到不安全，調查顯示，三分之二的人害怕在夜間獨自行走。

極端暴力

貧民窟是巴西各大城市常見的非正式住房區，由全副武裝的販毒集團或民兵組織控制。這些地區的暴力事件涉及敵對犯罪組織之間的領土衝突，頻繁的槍戰會波及無辜的旁觀者。貧民窟的警察行動往往是致命的，2024 年巴西警察平均每天殺害 17 人，總共造成 6,296 人死亡，是美國的八倍。 2019 年在裡約熱內盧，超過 1,800 人在警察衝突中喪生，其中 80% 的受害者是年輕的黑人男性。巴西歷史上四次最致命的警察行動中有三次發生在 2021 年至 2022 年期間，每次都造成 70 多人死亡。民兵組織通常由前任和現任警察組成，控制著許多貧民窟，在進行法外處決的同時向居民勒索保護費。民兵與幫派之間的暴力衝突愈演愈烈，2020-2021年裡約熱內盧報告的死亡人數中有28%是由幫派衝突造成的。巴伊亞州的幫派衝突導致衝突發生地的兇殺案增加了39%。巴西兩大犯罪派系「紅色指揮部」和「第一首都指揮部」於2016年結束了長達20年的停火協議，導致暴力事件激增。武裝團體進行私刑，設立法庭並處決被指控的罪犯。監獄暴力猖獗，暴動頻繁，幫派頭目在監獄內部控制犯罪集團。

政治動盪

2023年1月8日，前總統雅伊爾·博索納羅的支持者衝進巴西利亞的政府大樓，攻擊國會、最高法院和總統府。這起攻擊事件發生在總統路易斯·伊納西奧·盧拉·達席爾瓦就職一周後，超過2000人被拘留。叛亂旨在推翻民選政府，暴徒要求軍事幹預。在博索納羅2022年大選失敗後，數週的路障和抗議活動爆發，支持者阻塞了25個州的高速公路。巴西各城市經常發生抗議、示威和罷工，以回應政治和經濟問題。即使是和平活動也可能演變成對抗並升級為暴力事件。警方大量使用橡皮子彈和催淚瓦斯驅散抗議者。 2024年11月，巴西利亞市中心的三寶廣場發生兩起爆炸。與1月8日事件相關的抗議活動仍在繼續，博索納羅的支持者集會要求在2025年實施大赦，而反抗議者則反對對政變策劃者進行赦免。政治暴力已將官員作為目標，2018年裡約熱內盧市議員瑪麗埃爾·弗朗哥的謀殺案就與民兵組織有關。如果您在大型集會中遇到抗議活動或感到不適，則應立即離開。安保人員被指控支持2023年1月的騷亂或表現出不作為，這引發了人們對警察忠誠度的擔憂。

應避免的區域

任何時候都應避開所有貧民窟，包括那些提供導遊服務的貧民窟。政府的旅行警告對非正式住房開發項目實施了四級限制，並警告旅遊公司和警察都無法保證安全。曾有遊客因意外進入貧民窟而遭到槍擊。貧民窟的安全局勢難以預測，幫派鬥爭和警民衝突有時會超出其範圍。由於安全風險，應避免前往與玻利維亞、哥倫比亞、圭亞那、法屬圭亞那、巴拉圭、秘魯、蘇利南和委內瑞拉接壤 160 公里以內的國際邊界，伊瓜蘇國家公園和潘塔納爾國家公園除外。包括毒販在內的武裝團體會在亞馬遜州的河流中出沒，那裡警察的存在感很低。在巴西利亞，應避開中央汽車站、兩個相鄰的購物中心以及衛星城塞蘭迪亞、聖瑪麗亞、聖塞巴斯蒂安和帕拉諾阿，尤其是在晚上 6 點到早上 6 點之間。在裡約熱內盧，前往科帕卡巴納海灘、伊帕內瑪海灘和拉帕街區時務必小心謹慎。徒步前往基督救世主雕像時務必小心，因為那裡曾發生搶劫事件。在聖保羅，犯罪熱點地區包括市中心、盧斯 (Luz)、聖埃菲格尼亞 (Santa Efigênia)、孔索拉桑 (Consolação) 和塞 (Sé) 等歷史中心街區，以及卡龐雷東多 (Capão Redondo)、維拉克萊門蒂諾 (Vila Clementino) 和坎波林波 (Campolin) 等街區。阿雷格里港和薩爾瓦多的犯罪率很高，幫派暴力活動猖獗。累西腓 (Recife) 海灘有鯊魚攻擊的危險。