Nigeria

Nigeria的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country, therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

脊髓灰質炎疫苗

Travellers in any country that reports cases of polio can reduce their risk of exposure to polio virus by ensuring that their childhood vaccinations, including polio, are up-to-date prior to travelling. Residents (and visitors for more than 4 weeks) from infected areas should receive an additional dose of oral polio vaccine or inactivated polio vaccine within 4 weeks to 12 months before travelling.

對於一些旅行者

黃熱病疫苗

**There is a risk of yellow fever transmission in Nigeria. This country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate for travellers over 9 months of age arriving from countries/territories at risk for yellow fever transmission, and travellers having transited through an airport in a country/territory at risk for yellow fever transmission.**

腦膜炎疫苗

Because this country is located in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt, vaccination against meningitis is recommended if travelling during the dry season (December to June).

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, the vaccination against typhoid fever is generally recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

霍亂疫苗

**The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions.** **The U.S. CDC recommends the cholera vaccine for children and adults who are traveling to areas of active cholera transmission.**

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

Nigeria的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

**Recommended anti-malaria medication includes atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, tafenoquine, or mefloquine. Anti-malaria drug resistance for chloroquine is present.**

Nigeria要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Nigeria through contaminated food or water.

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Nigeria.

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever may occur in this country.

Cholera

Cholera outbreaks occur in Nigeria. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever may occur in this country.

對於一些旅行者

Lassa Fever

**There may be sporadic cases of Lassa Fever.**

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Nigeria, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated.

Yellow Fever

**There is a risk of yellow fever transmission in Nigeria. This country requires a yellow fever vaccination certificate for travellers over 9 months of age arriving from countries/territories at risk for yellow fever transmission, and travellers having transited through an airport in a country/territory at risk for yellow fever transmission.**

River blindness

Onchocerciasis occurs in Nigeria, but the risk to short-term travellers is low unless living or working near black flies or staying in this country for longer than 3 months.

Polio

**This country has reported cases of Polio.**

Meningitis

Meningitis outbreaks occur in Nigeria. Travellers who visit during the dry season (December to June) or expect to have prolonged contact with the local population are especially at risk.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis occurs in Nigeria. Travellers to Nigeria are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Zika Fever

Zika fever may occur in Nigeria.

Malaria

All areas of Nigeria are at high risk for malaria.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Leishmaniasis

Sporadic cases of leishmaniasis occur in Nigeria.

Nigeria中的安全性

人身安全

尼日利亞面臨嚴峻的人身安全挑戰。 2023年5月至2024年4月期間，奈及利亞家庭共發生約5,189萬起犯罪事件，犯罪類型包括武裝搶劫、攻擊、劫車、詐騙和網路犯罪。犯罪率持續居高不下，無論在城市或農村，都面臨安全風險。綁架事件頻傳，2023年6月至2024年6月期間，共有3,600多人被綁架。武裝匪幫在西北部各州活動廣泛，而包括博科聖地和伊斯蘭國西非省在內的恐怖組織仍活躍於東北部地區。多起針對學校、旅行者和村莊的大規模綁架事件已發生。警方對犯罪的反應各不相同，而且通常行動遲緩，有報告顯示，在某些情況下，警方可能根本沒有反應。每1000人中僅有0.14名嫌疑犯被捕。儘管治安維持會的法律地位尚不明確，但它在許多地區填補了安全漏洞。犯罪集團利用線上約會應用程序，透過名為「鬼頭攻擊」（kito attacks）的手段誘捕並勒索受害者，這類攻擊佔2023年針對特定人群的人權侵犯事件的70%。信用卡詐欺現象普遍存在，針對外國人的預付詐騙仍存在。網路犯罪仍然是一個嚴峻的問題，有組織的犯罪集團在全國各地活動。

極端暴力

多個武裝團體的極端暴力行為造成持續威脅。博科聖地和伊斯蘭國西非省主要在博爾諾州、約貝州和阿達馬瓦州等東北部各州發動攻擊。 2025 年 1 月至 6 月期間，至少有 2,266 人被匪徒或叛亂分子殺害，超過 2024 年全年的殺害總數。伊斯蘭國西非省自 2025 年 1 月以來升級行動，僅在前三個月就對博爾諾州各地的軍事基地發動了至少 12 次協同襲擊。該組織在 2024 年 7 月至 2025 年 7 月期間發動了 445 次襲擊，造成 1,552 人傷亡，位居全球所有伊斯蘭國省份之首。 2025 年 5 月，博科聖地在 Mallam Karamti 和 Kwatandashi 村屠殺了近 100 名居民。自殺式爆炸事件再次出現，攻擊發生在擁擠的市場和公共場所。 2023 年 10 月，博科聖地在約貝州殺害了 20 名從葬禮返回的哀悼者。武裝匪幫在讚法拉、卡杜納、卡齊納和索科託等西北各州廣泛活動，進行大規模綁架、村莊襲擊和殺戮。 2025 年 8 月，匪徒襲擊卡齊納州的一座清真寺，造成至少 30 人死亡。中北部各州牧民和農民社區之間的部落間暴力持續存在，僅在 2025 年 4 月，高原州就有 100 多人被殺。 2025 年 6 月 13 日至 14 日，貝努埃州耶爾瓦塔村在夜間遭到攻擊，至少 150 人喪生。 2025 年 1 月至 6 月，與伊斯蘭國薩赫勒省有聯繫的拉庫拉瓦恐怖組織在索科托州和凱比州殺害了 59 名平民。

政治動盪

政治動盪表現為經濟抗議和政府的回應。 2024 年 8 月，全國爆發了「結束不良治理」抗議活動，抗議活動原因是通貨膨脹率高達 33.4% 且燃油價格飆升。示威活動第一天至少有 14 名抗議者喪生，10 天內又有數十人被逮捕。安全部隊使用催淚瓦斯、橡皮子彈和實彈驅散阿布賈、卡杜納、卡諾、貢貝和吉加瓦等多個州的抗議者。政府在多個州實施宵禁，並在之後拘留抗議者數月。 2024 年 9 月，當局以叛國罪指控 10 名抗議者。根據世界銀行的估計，到 2024 年 6 月，食品通膨率超過 40%，導致超過 1,000 萬尼日利亞人陷入貧困。 2024 年的抗議活動之前曾因生活成本問題發生類似的示威活動，近年來罷工和抗議活動時有發生。政府和安全機構警告民眾不要參與抗議活動，聲稱這些抗議活動是出於政治動機，企圖推翻政權。示威活動可能在幾乎沒有任何預警的情況下演變成暴力事件，而安全部隊過去曾有強力鎮壓的記錄。民間組織譴責安全人員暴力擾亂抗議活動。在發生武裝攻擊事件後，包括河流州在內的多個地區於2025年3月宣布進入緊急狀態，加強了安全力量部署，並限制民眾的行動。

應避免的區域

多個地區需要謹慎考慮或完全避開。東北部博爾諾州、約貝州和阿達馬瓦州面臨博科聖地和伊斯蘭國西非省的活躍叛亂。博爾諾州仍然是恐怖主義的中心，每天都有攻擊、自殺式爆炸和大規模人口流離失所。西北部的讚法拉州、卡杜納州、卡齊納州、索科托州和凱比州土匪活動猖獗，武裝團體進行襲擊、大規模綁架並向農民索取保護費。贊法拉州的村莊經常遭到圍攻，居民被迫向土匪支付費用才能進入自己的農地。中北部的高原州、尼日爾州和科吉州經歷了激烈的部落間衝突、爆炸事件和日益增加的綁架活動。卡杜納州南部則頻頻爆發種族和宗教暴力事件。尼日爾三角洲各州，包括河流州、巴耶爾薩州、三角州、阿比亞州、阿南布拉州、伊莫州和埃努古州，面臨武裝組織、邪教暴力、幫派戰爭、石油竊盜犯罪和綁架的風險。只有乘船才能到達的沿河地區尤其危險。哈科特港儘管石油資源豐富，卻也飽受邪教暴力、幫派戰爭和綁架的困擾。拉各斯-伊巴丹高速公路、邁杜古里-達馬圖魯公路、馬庫爾迪-喬斯公路和伊希亞拉-奧基圭公路等主要公路被列為犯罪活動的危險熱點。喀麥隆、尼日和貝南北部10公里內的邊境地區面臨跨境安全威脅。拉各斯、阿布賈和邁杜古里等主要城市都發生過安全事件，但拉各斯和卡拉巴爾被認為比其他地區相對安全。