Pakistan

Pakistan的建議疫苗接種

對於大多數旅行者

乙肝疫苗

There is a significant risk of infection with hepatitis B for this country. Therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

甲型肝炎疫苗

There is a significant risk of exposure to hepatitis A for this country. Therefore, the vaccination is recommended.

脊髓灰質炎疫苗

All travellers should ensure that their polio vaccination is up to date. A single life-time booster IPV dose is recommended for adults who received routine vaccination as children. If visiting Pakistan for more than 4 weeks, a traveller may need to provide proof of polio vaccination when leaving Pakistan. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control recommends that long-term travellers and expatriates staying in Pakistan receive a dose of IPV between 4 weeks and 12 months before the date of their planned departure from Pakistan.

對於一些旅行者

麻疹，腮腺炎，風疹（MMR）疫苗

A dose of Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all travellers over 6 months of age.

卡介苗芽孢桿菌（BCG）疫苗

BCG vaccine is recommended for those at increased risk from coming in close contact with infected persons or for unvaccinated, children under 16 years of age, who are going to live in Pakistan for more than 3 months.

黃熱病疫苗

The yellow fever vaccination is not recommended for this country. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers 1 year of age and older arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited more than 12 hours through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.

霍亂疫苗

The U.K. NaTHNaC recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk, travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. These risk factors include: aid workers; those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; travellers for whom the vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, such as chronic medical conditions.

傷寒疫苗

There is a risk of exposure to typhoid fever in this country through the consumption of unsafe food and water. Since exposure to unsafe sources is variable within this country, and with the emergence of a strain highly resistant to most antibiotics, vaccination against typhoid fever is recommended, especially when visiting smaller cities or rural areas, where food and water sources may be contaminated.

狂犬病疫苗

Vaccination against rabies is recommended for travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) who may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk and should be vaccinated.

日本腦炎疫苗

This vaccination is recommended for travellers whose itineraries include areas around Karachi and the lower Indus Valley from May to November.

Pakistan的推薦藥物

對於一些旅行者

抗瘧藥

Recommended anti-malaria medication includes atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline or mefloquine. Anti-malaria drug resistance for chloroquine is present.

Pakistan要注意的疾病

對於大多數旅行者

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever has occurred in this country.

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever outbreaks have occurred in Pakistan in major towns and cities, especially in Karachi.

Hepatitis A

There is a significant risk for hepatitis A virus exposure in Pakistan through contaminated food or water.

Cholera

Cholera outbreaks occur in Pakistan. The risk to travellers is low unless living or working in poor sanitary conditions, drinking untreated water or eating poorly cooked or raw seafood in this country.

Hepatitis B

There is a significant risk for acquiring hepatitis B in Pakistan.

對於一些旅行者

Polio

In Pakistan, polio has not yet been eradicated. There is continuous transmission of the polio virus.

Hepatitis C

Almost 5 percent of the population is chronically infected with hepatitis C.

Measles

There is a risk of Measles in this country, especially in infants aged 6 to 11 months.

Hanta Virus

There is a risk of acquiring Hantavirus in this country through the consumption of food and water contaminated by an infected rodent or through rodent bites.

Malaria

All areas at altitudes less than 2,500 meters, including all cities, are at high risk, especially in Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever outbreaks have occurred in Pakistan.

Tuberculosis

Travellers to Pakistan are at risk for tuberculosis if visiting sick friends or family, working in the health care field, or having close prolonged contact with the general population.

Japanese encephalitis

There is limited data available on Japanese encephalitis in Pakistan, however, cases have been reported from around Karachi and in the lower Indus Valley from **May to November.** The risk for travellers is low, but extensive outdoor activity in rural areas will increase this risk.

Yellow Fever

There is no risk of yellow fever transmission in this country. However, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers 1 year of age and older arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited more than 12 hours through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.

Typhoid Fever

Unvaccinated people can become infected through contaminated food and water in Pakistan, especially when visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where food and water sources may be contaminated. A strain of typhoid fever bacteria has emerged that is highly resistant to antibiotic treatment except azithromycin and carbapenems.

Rabies

Rabies occurs in this country. Travellers involved in outdoor activities (e.g., campers, hikers, adventure travellers, and cavers) may have direct contact with rabid dogs, bats, and other mammals. Those with occupational risks (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, researchers) and long-term travellers and expatriates are at higher risk.

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis occurs in Pakistan, more commonly in rural than urban areas, in almost all provinces/regions of Pakistan. The risk of acquiring leishmaniasis is increased in travellers who spend time outdoors in rural areas and at night when sand flies typically feed.

Pakistan中的安全性

人身安全

街頭犯罪在城市地區構成常見威脅，尤其是扒手、搶包和詐騙。巴基斯坦裔英國公民被視為比當地人更富有，因此成為包括綁架者在內的犯罪分子的目標。信用卡詐欺在巴基斯坦全國範圍內仍然普遍存在。綁架風險在巴基斯坦各地都存在，但在開伯爾-普什圖省和俾路支省尤為嚴重。然而，恐怖組織不太可能優先綁架西方人，任何事件都可能是伺機而為，而非有預謀的。卡拉奇的暴力犯罪率很高，包括武裝搶劫、劫車和綁架，這主要是由於組織犯罪和某些地區警力不足。針對外國人的詐騙時有發生，包括ATM盜刷、無牌計程車和冒充執法人員。您應該透過值得信賴的服務提供者安排交通，並核實任何自稱擁有官方授權的人的證件。 2025年3月，賈法爾特快列車被俾路支解放軍劫持，造成64人死亡。由於有犯罪風險，您應該避免搭乘大眾運輸工具，包括地鐵公車；由於恐怖主義威脅和脫軌風險，您應該避免搭乘鐵路。巴基斯坦的安全環境持續不穩定，可能在極短時間內或毫無徵兆的情況下改變。

極端暴力

2024年，巴基斯坦共發生521起恐怖攻擊，較前一年增加70%，造成852人死亡。俾路支省和開伯爾-普什圖省以及原聯邦直轄部落地區恐怖攻擊頻繁。 2023年巴基斯坦恐怖攻擊次數和傷亡人數比2022年增加50%以上。主要恐怖組織包括巴基斯坦塔利班運動、俾路支解放軍和ISIS地方分支。 2024年11月，俾路支分離主義者在奎達火車站發動自殺式攻擊，造成至少26人死亡。 2024年10月，卡拉奇真納國際機場附近發生自殺式攻擊，造成包括兩名中國公民在內的4人死亡。 2023年1月，巴塔哥尼亞警察清真寺發生自殺式炸彈攻擊，巴塔哥尼亞武裝部隊-莫赫曼德派宣稱對此負責，造成95人死亡，其中大部分是警察，另有157多人受傷。伊斯蘭國呼羅珊組織聲稱對 2023 年 7 月發生在巴焦爾政治集會的自殺式襲擊負責，這起襲擊造成 50 多人死亡。 2024 年宗派暴力事件激增，共有 234 人喪生，比 2023 年的 43 人死亡大幅增加。 2024 年 11 月，槍手在阿富汗邊境附近的庫拉姆區向一個什葉派乘客車隊開火，造成 52 人死亡。 2024 年，俾路支分離主義者加劇了叛亂，分離主義活動是去年全年的兩倍，越來越多地針對外來者，主要是旁遮普勞工。安全局勢不斷變化且仍難以預測，主要城市（尤其是伊斯蘭堡）的安全資源和基礎設施更加強大，但與其他地區相比，安全部隊可能更容易應對緊急情況。

政治動盪

自 2022 年 4 月前總理伊姆蘭汗因不信任動議下台以來，巴基斯坦一直處於政治動盪之中。 2023 年 5 月，汗被捕引發了全國性的暴力騷亂和示威活動，數萬名支持者參與了破壞活動並與警察和士兵發生衝突。抗議活動導致包括巴基斯坦陸軍總部和拉合爾軍團司令官邸在內的軍事設施遭到攻擊。政府的回應是封鎖互聯網，影響了近 1.25 億人，並大規模拘留抗議者。 2024 年 11 月，汗的巴基斯坦正義運動黨的支持者組織了「最後的呼喚」抗議活動，導致與伊斯蘭堡警方發生衝突，造成至少 6 人死亡，其中包括 4 名安全人員。雙方還有數十人受傷。政府用貨櫃封鎖了伊斯蘭堡，並部署了數萬名全副武裝的警察和準軍事部隊，同時實施了第 144 條，禁止靜坐、集會和抗議。巴基斯坦鐵路公司暫停了白沙瓦、拉瓦爾品第和拉合爾之間的所有列車，拉合爾和伊斯蘭堡的地鐵服務也暫停了。旁遮普省、信德省和開伯爾-普什圖省的行動互聯網和 WhatsApp 等簡訊服務被封鎖。 2025 年 10 月，巴控克什米爾地區爆發抗議活動，暴力衝突造成至少 9 人死亡，其中包括 3 名警察。自 2025 年 10 月 1 日起，該地區一直處於完全封鎖狀態，居民抗議飛漲的電費並要求政府改革。當地法律禁止未經許可的抗議和示威活動。靠近抗議活動現場可能會受到巴基斯坦安全部隊的審查。公民因參與抗議活動或在社群媒體上發布被認為批評巴基斯坦政府、軍方或官員的內容而被拘留。網路和手機服務中斷的情況很常見，尤其是在抗議活動期間。

應避免的區域

俾路支省面臨的安全風險最高。包括活躍的分離主義運動在內的極端組織針對平民、宗教少數群體、政府機構和安全部隊發動了致命的恐怖攻擊。首都奎達持續遭受恐怖攻擊，全省各地都存在綁架風險。巴基斯坦和伊朗邊境局勢極為緊張，兩國於2024年1月都曾發動飛彈和無人機攻擊。開伯爾-普什圖省（包括前聯邦直轄部落地區）經常遭受活躍的恐怖分子和叛亂組織針對平民、非政府組織、政府機構和安全部隊的攻擊。暗殺和綁架事件屢見不鮮，包括針對小兒麻痺根除小組和安全人員的攻擊。由於恐怖主義、宗派和政治暴力以及高犯罪率，包括白沙瓦在內的開伯爾-普什圖省中部和西部地區的安全局勢仍然不穩定。北瓦濟里斯坦、南瓦濟里斯坦和開伯爾地區局勢依然動盪，持續受到阿富汗安全局勢的影響。印巴邊境和實際管制線構成嚴重風險。實際控制線沿線軍事活動頻繁，印巴關係緊張。有嚴重的小型武器交火風險，偶爾還會有迫擊砲火攻擊。 2025年5月，印度軍方對巴控克什米爾和旁遮普省的多個目標進行了空襲，造成人員傷亡，隨後兩國政府同意停止軍事行動。巴基斯坦和印度之間的所有陸地邊境口岸已關閉。卡拉奇部分地區暴力事件頻繁，極端組織在該市部分地區活動。近年來，恐怖攻擊的目標包括證券交易所和中國領事館等重要場所。罷工和抗議遊行往往發生在中部地區，可能造成交通中斷和暴力騷亂。信德省納瓦布沙以北及包括納瓦布沙在內的地區需要保持警覺。科希斯坦縣位於喀喇崑崙公路沿線，從達蘇延伸至奇拉斯，是巴基斯坦一個非常保守的地區，近年來頻繁地遭到恐怖攻擊和極端教派暴力事件。開伯爾-普什圖省的庫拉姆縣衝突和教派衝突日益增加。