Cholera Outbreaks in Multiple African Countries

The risk of acquiring cholera is ubiquitous in many African countries. Since the beginning of this year [2024], the African Centre for Disease Control has reported a cumulative total of 40,485 confirmed cases, 34,175 suspected cases and 890 deaths.

Advice

Most infected individuals, approximately 75%, do not show any symptoms. However, in those who do exhibit symptoms, only a small proportion develop a severe form of the disease. All travellers can minimize the risk of exposure to this disease. Strictly observe all food and water precautions in any area where there is cholera. If gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., vomiting and profuse watery diarrhoea) develop while visiting the affected area, travellers should seek medical care at once.

Currently, there are three WHO pre-qualified oral cholera vaccines: Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol-Plus. All three vaccines require two doses for full protection. Due to a large number of cholera outbreaks and a limited global supply of vaccines, WHO is temporarily recommending only one dose of cholera vaccine in outbreak situations.

The U.K. National Travel Health Network and Centre recommends the oral cholera vaccine for some travellers whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk when travelling to areas of active cholera transmission. There is an increased risk of acquiring cholera for aid workers; for those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to potable water and medical care; and for travellers for whom vaccination would be considered potentially beneficial, e.g., persons with chronic medical conditions.

 The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the cholera vaccine for travellers who are 18-64 years of age and who plan to travel to areas of active cholera transmission. CDC notes that most travellers do not travel to areas of active cholera transmission and that safe food and water practices can prevent many cholera infections.